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Resemblance metaphor and metonymy in the ethnozoological lexicon of the Amazonian language Aguaruna
(De Gruyter Mouto, 2022-03-07) García Ruiz, Ketty; Huasco Escalante, Jaime; López Rojas, Jhon Jairo
This chapter focuses on the analysis of resemblance metaphors and metonymies that operate in the ethnozoological lexicon of the Amazonian language Aguaruna. Our corpus is basically composed of binomials (noun-noun compounds) in which these semantic mechanisms are representative and useful for naming sub-generic species. In our analysis, we have mostly identified the mapping of prominent characteristics such as color and shape (metonymic bases) in resemblance metaphors. Many of our examples also reveal the preference for metonymies constituted by habitat data and the diet of the named entities, significant information for a hunting people like the Aguaruna. Finally, we see that, in the binomials analyzed, the source domains are not always other biological organisms (plants and animals), but can be elements of nature, cultural objects, and even mythological characters.
Red rust thrips in smallholder organic export banana in Latin America and the Caribbean: pathways for control, compatible with organic certification
(ISHS, 2020-03-23) Arias de López, M.; Corozo Ayovi, R.E.; Delgado, R.; Osorio, B.; Moyón, D.; Rengifo, D.; Suárez, P.; Paulino, A.; Medrano, S.; Sanchez, L.; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Vegas, U.; Alburqueque, D.; Staver, C.; van Tol, R.; Clercx, L.
Since 2010, red rust thrips (RRT) have become a serious pest in organic export banana plantations, causing yield losses of 30-40%. Although RRT blemishes on banana peel are only cosmetic, exporters apply zero tolerance. During 2014-2017, FONTAGRO co-financed studies on measures to reduce RRT damage in smallholder organic export banana. Research was initially guided by an IPM approach based on thrips population thresholds and linked abiotic factors, in order to schedule practices. Initial studies resulted in a preventive model for thrips management based on the yearround use of transparent bags with 3-mm orifices to protect bunches just as the bell emerges and before bracts open. This approach minimizes losses due to both Chaetanaphothrips signipennis found in Peru and Ecuador and Chaetanaphothrips orchidii common in the Dominican Republic. Experiments to develop scouting methods and establish thresholds suggested three conclusions: C. signipennnis flies very little, complicating trapping even with pheromones; thresholds for economic damage are very low; and scouting is difficult, costly and not practical for decision making. Routine monitoring of losses caused by RRT and other factors should be done during packing. Experiments to test the effectiveness of bagging and the use of applied products to repel or kill thrips showed that bagging alone reduced losses by 90-100% compared to bunches with no bag. Applications of organic products to the bell at bagging and the leaf whorl and the upper bunch stem simultaneously with other bunch practices reduced losses further by 0-8%. Studies of biological control identified predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens which attack different stages of thrips. Preliminary lab and release studies suggest that biological control should be further developed. However, RRT form part of a complex of insect bunch pests, and the use of general or targeted applications should be reviewed to avoid the use of products which reduce beneficial organisms.
Influencia del abono orgánico en la morfología del fruto y la producción del mango (Mangifera indica L.) Var. Kent
(Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, 2024-10-20) MOROCHO ROMERO, HENRY; PEÑA CASTILLO, RICARDO; CHANDUVI GARCÍA, ROGER; VILCHEZ NAVARRO, SANDY GRACIELA; QUIROZ CALDERON, MARCOS; CALERO MERINO, MARIANO; GALECIO JULCA, MIGUEL; JAVIER ALVA, JAVIER; CRUZ GRIMALDO, CAMILA LEANDRA; MORALES PIZARRO, ARTURO
En el Perú, el mango variedad Kent, es la fruta de mayor exportación e interés socioeconómico para el país, producida tradicionalmente bajo una fertilización convencional; sin embargo, su productividad se ve afectada debido al incremento de los costos de producción principalmente de los fertilizantes. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de compost y biol en las variables productivas del cultivo de mango var. Kent. Metodología: Se evaluaron los tratamientos T0: testigo; T1: compost 5 t ha-1 ; T2: compost 15 t ha-1 ; T3: biol 5%; T4: biol 10%; T5: compost 5 t ha-1 + biol 5%; T6: compost 5 t ha-1 + biol 10%; T7: compost 15 t ha-1 + biol 5% y T8: compost 15 t ha-1 + biol10%. Las variables evaluadas fueron: diámetro polar del fruto (DPF-mm), diámetro ecuatorial del fruto (DEF-mm), diámetro diagonal del fruto (DDF-mm), tasa de crecimiento promedio por día (TCPD-mm día-1 ), número de frutos cosechados por panícula (NFCP), peso de fruto (PF-g), rendimiento por planta (RP-kg planta-1 ) y rendimiento por hectárea (RHA-t planta-1 ). Se realizó un ANOVA y un análisis de conglomerados. Resultados: El análisis de conglomerados formó cuatro grupos: G-I (T8, T2 y T7), G-II (T1, T5 Y T6), G-III (T4) y G-IV (T3 y T0). Implicaciones: La fertilización orgánica foliar y edáfica se presenta como alternativa a la fertilización convencional y amigable con el medio ambiente. Conclusión: El G-I con el mayor abonamiento orgánico presentó los mayores valores en las variables evaluadas. Además, T8 superó al testigo en un 132% para la variable RHA.
Fresh cheese production using freeze-dried papain as a vegetable coagulant
(Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (ITAL), 2024-10-25) Villacréz Chavez, Grégor; Grimaldo Chávez, Segundo; Rivera Botonares, Ralph; Vilca Valqui, Nuri Carito; Zzuta Puscan, Marileydi; Oliva, Manuel; Tineo, Daniel
The study examined the efficacy of freeze-dried papain enzyme obtained from three Vasconcellea species (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) as a natural coagulant in cheese making. Notably, the enzyme V. pubescens demonstrated the most promising results when concentrations of 2 g/L, 4 g/L, and 6 g/L were used to produce fresh cheese, while other enzyme species exhibited lower efficacy. The optimal yield of fresh cheese with minimal residual enzyme was achieved when a 2 g/L dose of papain enzyme was employed at a coagulation temperature of 30 °C, resulting in physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics comparable to those produced with commercial Hansen's rennet. Nevertheless, an increase in the coagulation temperature (42 °C) and a higher dose of papain enzyme (4 g/L) resulted in a reduction in the yield of fresh cheese and; consequently, the residual enzyme increased. Further studies are required to determine the purity of freeze-dried papain and the most effective dosage to increase profitability for producers and consumers. Such findings could facilitate the ecological application of this alternative in producing of fresh cheese.
Effect of planting density and fertilization on yield and tuber characteristics of potato of Group Andigenum
(Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2024-04-30) Vásquez, Víctor; Huerta Fernández, Pablo; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Jiménez, Luis; Pando Gómez, Rosmeri Veronica; Carranza, Víctor; Carranza, Cristian; Argomedo, Betzabé
Fertilization and planting density are important practices in potato-producing regions, particularly in regions where yields are not optimal. In addition, appropriate characteristics are required for industrial processing of potato, prompting farmers to improve their productivity and produce varieties demanded by the agroindustrial market. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two planting densities: 0.20 m x 1.00 m (50,000 plants ha¹) and 0.40 m x 1.00 m (25,000 plants ha¹) and three NPK fertilization doses (60-60-60, 120-120-120, 180-180-180) on the yield and tuber characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum Group Andigenum) varieties Serranita, Luyanita, and Capiro. A randomized block design was used with subdivided plots and three replicates. The results indicate higher total yield and commercial yield (42.87 and 38.74 t ha¹) with the 180-180-180 kg ha¹ dose of NPK. The Luyanita variety stood out with yields of 36.03 and 30.97 t ha¹ of total and commercial tuber yield, respectively. The highest total and commercial tuber yields were obtained with the density 0.20 m x 1.00 m. The Luyanita variety showed acceptable physicochemical characteristics for agribusiness with 24.73% dry matter, low content of reducing sugars (0.21%), acceptable color of fries (3.11), specific gravity (1.11 g cm³) and adequate oil content (20.44%). The planting density factor showed no statistically significant differences.
Characterization of dairy goat production systems in coastal valleys of the Lima region
(Springer, 2024-10-23) Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Ramírez Vergara, Raúl Omar; Trillo Zárate, Fritz Carlos; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Goat farming in Peru is a husbandry activity that, although it is considered secondary in the country, has a great economic and social impact on the rural population, that is why government efforts to develop is so important. The objective of this study was to characterize dairy goat rearing systems in the coastal valleys of the Lima region to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement. This cross-sectional research was conducted in four provinces located in the Lima region, Peru. A total of 62 goat farmers participated in the trial. For data collection, a standard survey was prepared with open and closed questions distributed across two components (socioeconomic and productive). The surveys were processed for qualitative variables using a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) followed by a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to differentiate the types of farming systems prevalent based on the survey population. The hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in the formation of three separate groups of goat farmers, which can be classified as extensive systems differentiated by management practices and their production and marketing objectives. The test showed a significant difference; therefore, it can be affirmed that they are associated with the groups or clusters formed. These results will allow actors related to goat farming, such as state and regional entities, to focus efforts on addressing specific demands of the different types of goat farmers found in this study.
Proposal for Bioenergy Territorial Planning in LATAM; Part 1/2: Circular Economy Model, Urban Component Using Household Biomass
(Presentación en el congreso: Creando soluciones para un futuro sostenible: emprendimiento basado en tecnología” - del 2 al 4 de diciembre de 2024, 2024-12-04) Gómez Montoya, Juan Pablo; Ortiz Dongo, Luis Felipe; Silva, Fernando; Peñalva , Jhon Jhonathan; Arrieta Gonzales, Carlos; Luna DelRisco, Mario
The research is divided into two articles, presenting a bioenergy territorial planning proposal for LATAM. The first part focuses on an urban circular economy (CE) model using household organic municipal waste based on source separation. The second part is related to a proposal for designing internal combustion engines for renewable and alternative gaseous fuels. This paper quantifies the bioenergy potential that could be generated for LATAM by using national population censuses-based on scientific formulation and AI-powered databases to estimate the amount of biofertilizers, biogas, and green hydrogen that can be obtained according to the proposed CE model. The sustainability of the CE model is analyzed through a thermo-economic assessment, social impact, and environmental impact, with carbon footprint measurement using a standardized calculator. Additional considerations, risk analysis, and challenges for the model's implementation are also presented to promote its widespread adoption.
Gallery type spot in the pineapple fruit associated with Melanoma canopilosum Hendel
(International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), 1997-12-01) Bello Amez, Segundo Donato; Julca Otiniano, Alberto; Villachica León, Hugo
During the year 1992 "fruit spots" were studied at INIA's Chanchamayo Experimental Station. Three types were evidenced, of which two have been largely described and studied in the main pineapple producing areas of the world. They are known as "leathery pocket" and "black spot".
However a third type, which we named "spot with galleries", was observed in the Chanchamayo. It is apparently associated with the "pineapple fruit fly" Melanoma canopilosum Hendel, of the Richardiidae family.
Symptoms of this third spot type can be assessed externally in the case of the 'Smooth Cayenne' cultivar, on which mosaic-like discolourations are observed on the peel when the fruit matures.
Intercropping bananas with coffee and trees: Prototyping agroecological intensification by farmers and scientists
(International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), 2013-04-25) Staver, Charles; Bustamante, Oscar Enrique; Siles, Pablo; Aguilar, Carlos; Quinde, Karina; Castellón, Juan; Somarriba, Francisco; Tapia, Andrés; Brenes, Silvia; Deras, Marvin; Matute, Nelly
Bananas are often grown in mixed cropping systems. In Latin America, small growers cultivate bananas with minimal labor and purchased inputs in shaded coffee as a source of monthly income to supplement annual coffee sales. We deployed the framework of agroecological intensification in collaboration with six groups of small coffee growers in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and Peru to assess the potential to improve the productivity of banana in mixed systems. After a formal diagnostic study of 30 smallholder coffee farms in each site carried out by scientists, farmer experimentation groups in the same sites did their own diagnostic sampling and identified priority areas for experimentation. Scientists and farmers developed prototypes for system improvement, and alternative management approaches of system components, labor and inputs. Across pilot zones, ‘Gros Michel’ was the most common cultivar, with banana mat density from 300 to 600 mats/ha with 950 to 1200 pseudostems/ha. Tree density varied from 150 to 550 trees/ha with available light ranging from 50 to 70%, and from 35 to 45% for banana and coffee. Farmer priorities across zones were similar: tree, banana and coffee resource partitioning; improved nutrition; coffee pruning; Fusarium wilt management; and marketing for better banana prices. Prototypes for testing addressed: light partitioning among trees, bananas and coffee; an input-output analysis of nutrients to increase the contribution of nitrogen from shade trees and reorient purchased nutrients; a shifting framework of Fusarium wilt management to address quarantine and cultivar substitution; and a marginal return analysis for step-wise intensification of the system, including banana.
The importance of tropical tree-ring chronologies for global change research
(Elsevier Ltd., 2025-03-06) Groenendijk, Peter; Babst, Flurin; Trouet, Valerie; Fan, Ze Xin; Granato Souza, Daniela; Maselli Locosselli, Giuliano; Mokria, Mulugeta; Panthi, Shankar; Pumijumnong, Nathsuda; Abiyu, Abrham; Acuña Soto, Rodolfo; Adenesky-Filho, Eduardo; Alfaro-Sanchez , Raquel; Anholetto Junior, Claudio Roberto; Vieira Aragao, José Roberto; Assis-Pereira, Gabriel; Astudillo-Sánchez, Claudia C.; Barbosa, Ana Carolina; de Oliveira Barreto, Nathan; Battipaglia, Giovanna; Beeckman, Hans; Botosso, Paulo Cesar; Bourland, Nils; Brauning, Achim; Brienen, Roel; Brookhouse, Matthew; Buajan, Supaporn; Buckley, Brendan M.; Camarero, J. Julio; Carrillo-Parra, Artemio; Ceccantini, Gregorio; Centeno-Erguera, Librado R.; Cerano-Paredes, Julian; Cervantes-Martínez, Rosalinda; Chanthorn, Wirong; Chen, Ya-Jun; Barçante Ladvocat Cintra, Bruno; Cornejo-Oviedo, Eladio Heriberto; Cortés-Cortés, Otoniel; Matos Costa, Clayane; Couralet, Camille; Crispin-DelaCruz, Doris Bianca; D’Arrigo, Rosanne; David, Diego A.; De Ridder, Maaike; Del Valle, Jorge Ignacio; Díaz-Carrillo, Oscar A.; Dobner Jr, Mario; Doucet, Jean-Louis; Dünisch, Oliver; Dünisch, Oliver; Enquist, Brian J.; Esemann-Quadros, Karin; Esquivel-Arriaga, Gerardo; Fayolle, Adeline; Anete Bergamo Fenilli, M. Eugenia; Ferrero, M. Eugenia; Fichtler, Esther; Finnegan, Patrick M.; Fontana, Claudia; Francisco, Kainana S.; Fu, Pei-Li; Galvao, Franklin; Gebrekirstos, Aster; Giraldo, Jorge A.; Gloor, Emanuel; Godoy-Veiga, Milena; Guerra, Anthony; Haneca, Kristof; Harley, Grant Logan; Heinrich, Ingo; Helle, Gerhard; Hernandez-Díaz, José Ciro; Hornink, Bruna; Hubau, Wannes; Inga, Janet G.; Islam, Mahmuda; Jiang, Yu-mei; Kaib, Mark; Hassan Khamisi, Zakia; Koprowski, Marcin; Layme Huaman, Eva; Leffler, A. Joshua; Ligot, Gauthier; Lisi, Claudio Sergio; Loader, Neil J.; de Almeida Lobo, Francisco; Longhi-Santos, Tomaz; Lopez, Lidio; Lopez-Hernández , María I.; Penetra Cerveira Lousada, José Luis; Manzanedo, Rubén D.; Marcon, Amanda K.; Maxwell, Justin T.; Mendivelso, Hooz A.; Mendoza-Villa, Omar N.; Nunes Menezes, Itallo Romany; Ribeiro Montoia, Valdinez; Moors, Eddy; Moreno, Miyer; Muniz-Castro, Miguel Angel; Nabais, Cristina; Nathalang, Anuttara; Ngoma, Justine; de Carvalho Nogueira Jr., Francisco; Morales Oliveira, Juliano; Morais Olmedo, Gabriela; Ortega-Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo; Rodríguez Ortíz, Carmen Eugenia; Pagotto, Mariana Alves; Paredes-Villanueva, Kathelyn; Pérez-De-Lis, Gonzalo P; Ponce Calderon, Laura Patricia; Portal-Cahuana, Leif Armando; Pucha-Cofrep, Darwin Alexander; Quadri, Paulo; Rahman, Mizanur; Ramírez, Jorge Andrés; Requena-Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Ribeiro, Adauto de Souza ak; Robertson, Lain; Roig, Fidel Alejandro; Roquette, José Guilherme; Rubio-Camacho, Ernesto Alonso; Sánchez-Salguero, Raúl; Sass-Klaassen, Ute; Schongart, Jochen; Callegari Scipioni, Marcelo; Sheppard, Paul; Silva, Lucas C.R.; Slotta, Franziska; Soria-Díaz, Leroy; K.V.S. Sousa, Luciana; Speer, James H.; Therrell, Matthew D.; Ticse-Otarola, Ginette; Tomazello-Filho, Mario; Torbenson, Max C.A.; Tor-Ngern, Pantana; Touchan, Ramzi; Van Den Bulcke, Jan bi; Vazquez-Selem, Lorenzo; Velázquez-Pérez, Adin H.; Venegas-González, Alejandro; Villalba, Ricardo; Villanueva-Diaz, José; Vlam, Mart; Vourlitis, George; Wehenkel, Christian; Wils, Tommy; Zavaleta, Erika S.; Asfaw Zewdu, Eshetu; Zhang, Yong-Jiang; Zhou, Zhe-Kun; Zuidema, Pieter A.
Tropical forests and woodlands are key components of the global carbon and water cycles. Yet, how climate change affects these biogeochemical cycles is poorly understood because of scarce long-term observations of tropical tree growth. The recent rise in tropical tree-ring studies may help to fill this gap, but a large-scale quantitative analysis of their potential in global change research is missing. We compiled a list of all tropical tree species known to form annual tree rings and built a network encompassing 492 tropical ring-width chronologies to evaluate the potential to generate insights on climate sensitivity of woody productivity and to build centuries-long reconstructions of climate variability. We assess chronology quality, length, and climatic representativeness and explore how these change along climatic gradients. Finally, we applied species-distribution modeling to identify regions with potential for tree-ring studies in ecological and climatic studies. The number of tropical chronologies has rapidly increased, with ~400 added over the past two decades. Yet, tree-ring studies are biased towards high-elevation locations, with gaps in warmer and wetter climates, on the African continent, and for angiosperm species. The longest chronologies with strongest climate signals (i.e., synchronous growth variations among trees) are from cool regions. In wet regions, climate signals and precipitation sensitivity decrease. Most tropical regions harbor 5–15 (and up to 80) species with proven potential to generate chronologies. The potential for long climate reconstructions is particularly high in drier high elevation sites. Our findings support strategies to effectively expand tree-ring research in the tropics, by targeting specific species and regions. Tropical dendrochronology can importantly contribute to global change research by generating historical context of climate extremes, quantifying climate sensitivity of woody productivity and benchmarking vegetation models.