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Fenología, crecimiento y rendimiento de nueve líneas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) en condiciones agroclimáticas de Chincha, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2025-09-01) Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel; Cervantes Zamudio, Rogelio; Camargo Cobeñas, Marcos Antonio; Chihuan Palomino, Evelin Analy; Rojas Meza, María Elena; Terán Rojas, José Alfonso
El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es una de las leguminosas más cultivadas a nivel mundial por su alto valor nutricional y papel en la seguridad alimentaria. En el Perú, su producción en el valle de Chincha es vital para pequeños y medianos agricultores, siendo una fuente clave de ingresos. Sin embargo, su productividad depende de factores agroclimáticos y genéticos. Este estudio evaluó el desempeño de nueve líneas de frijol en el valle de Chincha para identificar materiales con mayor potencial productivo. Se empleó un Diseño en Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA) con 14 variables evaluadas, aplicándose análisis estadísticos como ANOVA, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y agrupamiento jerárquico. El ACP explicó el 40 % de la variabilidad total en las dos primeras dimensiones. La primera (23,3 %) estuvo asociada a componentes de rendimiento, mientras que la segunda (16,7 %) se relacionó con la fenología, peso de 100 granos y longitud de vaina. El peso de 100 granos presentó correlación positiva con el largo de vaina (r=0,80) y negativa con los días a madurez de cosecha (r=-0,56). Can D8120 y Arbolito (clúster A) fueron las líneas más productivas (1402,75 y 1511,00 kg·ha⁻¹), con peso intermedio de 100 granos (49,30-51,70 g). Larán Mejorado (clúster B) destacó por su mayor tamaño de grano y rendimiento intermedio. Estos hallazgos son clave para la selección de líneas con alto potencial productivo y su incorporación en programas de fitomejoramiento.
Poisoning by (Conium maculatum) and liver deficiency in a bovine. Clinical case
(ASPD (The Academic Society for Postgraduate Development), 2025-08-04) Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Bazán Arce, José Luis; Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
In the majority of cases, poisonings in livestock occur accidentally. The primary causes of poisoning are associated with the ingestion of toxic plants, which contain a range of substances including alkaloids, nitrates, saponins, and others, that can lead to fatal outcomes. The objective of the investigation was to ascertain the cause of death of the bovine. The animal in question was a Simmental breed heifer, aged one year and two months, weighing 250 kg live, and displaying symptoms consistent with Conium maculatum poisoning. The results of the autopsy demonstrated the following: the external examination revealed slight profuse hemorrhage and icteric mucosa on the lips, a pale and icteric flaking muzzle, pale and icteric vulvar and ocular mucosa, and small hemorrhagic vesicles focused at the level of the cross, hip, and dewlap. Additionally, the abdomen was found to be slightly enlarged with a dull sound. The internal examination revealed the presence of generalized jaundice, icteric pleural tissue, icteric myocardium, cardiomegaly with flaccidity in the left ventricle, and icteric peritoneum in the abdomen. Additionally, the rumen and intestines exhibited apparently normal contents. The abomasum and liver exhibited adhesions with necrotic tissue, hepatomegaly, necrotic tissue at the level of the common bile duct, rupture of the gallbladder with the content distributed throughout the bile ducts, and an abundant blackish liquid with a putrid odor. Laboratory tests to rule out bluetongue and bovine vesicular stomatitis were conducted at the National Agrarian Health System (SENASA) and yielded negative results for both diseases. It was determined that the bovine had died as a result of poisoning by hemlock and liver deficiency.
Ichu valorization by pleurotus spp. cultivation and potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer
(MDPI, 2025-07-23) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Dionisio, Luis; Burga, Lyana; Javier Astete, Rosario Elyzabeth; Quispe Apaza, Cinthia Sheila; Oscco Laura, Persing; Johnson Pozo, Luis Fernando
The high-Andean grass Jarava ichu (Poaceae) plays a vital role in water regulation and aquifer recharge. However, its limited use is often linked to forest fires, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Therefore, this study aims to explore the valorization of ichu as a substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. (P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, and P. ostreatus) and to evaluate the potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer, offering an ecological alternative to grassland burning in the Peruvian Andes. Samples of ichu from the district of Tomás (Lima, Peru) were used as culture substrate, analyzing productivity indicators such as crop cycle (CC), biological efficiency (BE), and production rate (PR), together with the nutritional profile of the fungi and the chemical properties of the residual substrate. The results showed an average biological efficiency of 19.8%, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) in CC, BE, or PR among the species, confirming the viability of ichu as a substrate. The fungi presented a high protein content (24.1–30.41% on a dry basis), highlighting its nutritional value. In addition, the residual substrate exhibited elevated levels of phosphorus (795.9–1296.9 ppm) and potassium (253.1–291.3 ppm) compared to raw ichu (0.11–7.77 ppm for both nutrients). Germination tests on radish seeds showed rates between 80% and 100%, without inhibition, supporting its potential as a biofertilizer. This study demonstrates the double potential of ichu as a substrate for the sustainable production of edible mushrooms of high nutritional value and as a source of biofertilizers.
Biomass production of tropical trees across space and time: The shifting roles of diameter growth and wood density
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2025-08-26) Hornink, Bruna; Zuidema, Pieter A.; van der Sleen, Peter; Zanne, Amy E.; Assis Pereira, Gabriel; Ortega Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo; Fontana, Claudia; Portal Cahuana, Leif Armando; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Campos Barbosa, Ana Carolina Maioli; Granato-Souza, Daniela; Guimarães Pereira, Lucas; Lisi, Claudio Sergio; Nunes Menezes, Itallo Romany; Venegas Gonzalez, Alejandro; Jaén Barrios, Nelson; Roig, Fidel A.; Tomazello Filho, Mario; Groenendijk, Peter
1. Woody biomass in tropical trees contributes significantly to global carbon stocks; however, these stocks are increasingly affected by climate and land-use changes. Understanding the growth mechanisms driving woody biomass production is essential for assessing the short- and long-term contributions to carbon stocks and dynamics in tropical forests.
2. Trees accumulate biomass by increasing their size (wood volume) and/or tissue density (wood density). However, estimates of tree biomass production are often based solely on size increment through measurements of stem diameter growth, overlooking the potential spatial and temporal variation in wood density within trees. Tree-ring analysis can be applied to reconstruct past tree volume-growth and wood-density variations, allowing the quantification of their relative contributions when reconstructing past woody biomass production.
3. Here, we studied trees of the widespread Neotropical genus Cedrela along an environmental (climate and soil) gradient to address two key questions: (1) How does temporal variation in tree diameter growth and wood density affect biomass production? (2) To what extent do these relationships vary along the environmental gradient? We examined both long-term (ontogenetic) and short-term (annual) variations in diameter growth and wood density, covering eighteen sites in the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado savanna and Caatinga dry forest.
4. We found that diameter growth and wood density drive short- and long-term biomass production dynamics. Interestingly, diameter growth patterns predominantly explained short-term variability in biomass production at all sites, whereas wood density explained ontogenetic biomass patterns mainly at humid sites. These results highlight the importance of accounting for both short- and long-term variation, including climatic and ontogenetic drivers, to increase the accuracy of biomass estimations in tropical trees, particularly in humid forest ecosystems such as the Amazon.
5. Synthesis. Diameter growth is an important and good indicator of forest carbon production. However, size-related changes in wood density, which are usually neglected, are critical for accurate short- and long-term carbon assessments, especially in tropical humid sites.
Geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice soils of northwestern Peru
(Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature), 2025-08-21) Tarrillo Julca, Ever; Arce Inga, Marielita; Torres Herrera, Pedro Antonio; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Taboada Mitma, Victor Hugo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
The presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils poses a threat to the development of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice-growing soils within the Amojú River Basin, Jaen, Peru. Ninety-five soil samples were collected randomly, covering four altitudinal ranges, namely, very low (374–450 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)), low (450–571 m a.s.l.), medium (571–701 m a.s.l.) and high altitudes (701–1,034 m a.s.l.), and different agronomic management stages, including four phenological phases (seedling, tillering, filling and ripening) and two agricultural practices (resting and stubble burning). The evaluation was conducted via physicochemical analysis, the single-factor pollution index, and spatial interpolation techniques through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method. The results indicated that the contents of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) exceed the limits established in the Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for agricultural soils, with maximum Cd and Cr concentrations of 2 and 21 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively, mainly in very low-altitude areas (374–450 m a.s.l.). The single-factor pollution index results indicated slight Cd contamination and intense Cr contamination. Likewise, high levels of arsenic (As), Cd, and Cr were detected in soils managed via stubble burning, reaching 2, 2, and 16 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively. The highest Cr concentrations were located in the northeastern and western parts of the study area, whereas the highest Cd concentrations occurred in the northeastern and southwestern parts. These concentrations may be associated with potential contamination sources, with the use of phosphate fertilizers, water for cultivation, and soil erosion as key contributors. This study highlights the potential risk to rice productivity and crop safety, emphasizing the importance of implementing sustainable agricultural practices and monitoring strategies for heavy metals in soils associated with crops.
Efficacy of Two Estrus Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Gyr Dairy Cows and Their Relationship with Heat Stress in the Peruvian Tropics
(MDPI, 2025-08-25) Vásquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Hernández Guevara, José E.; Depaz Hizo, Benjamín Alberto; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo; Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Rojas Reategui, Marisol; Segura Portocarrero, Gleni T.; Juarez Moreno, Jorge D.; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
The performance of estrus synchronization protocols may be influenced by stressful environmental conditions, even in tropically adapted cattle. This study evaluated the efficacy of two synchronization protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in crossbred Gyr dairy cows and their relationship with heat stress under Peruvian tropical conditions. Multiparous lactating cows under semi-intensive systems were synchronized and divided into two groups: the conventional protocol (PC9) and the prolonged proestrus protocol (J-Synch6). Estrus manifestation, pregnancy rate, and their association with the temperature–humidity index (THI) were analyzed across seven phases of the FTAI program (73 days). In PC9 cows, no significant effect of the number of hours in each heat stress category according to THI was found. Conversely, in J-Synch6 cows, more hours in Category 0 (THI < 72) during Phases 1 to 4 (follicular emergence to preovulatory follicle) had a positive effect on the estrus manifestation, whereas in Phase 3 (follicular growth), higher exposure to Category 3 (THI ≥ 83) had a negative effect on estrus manifestation. Both protocols demonstrated similar estrus and pregnancy rates, although heat stress affected estrus rates in J-Synch6, but not pregnancy. The choice of protocol should account for heat stress risks during specific periods of the year to maximize success.
Tecnologías de precisión y su relación con la gestión de insumos agrícolas en el contexto de la sostenibilidad en regiones vulnerables
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, 2025-08-18) Santillán Gonzáles, Manuel Dante; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Lobato Galvez, Roiser Honorio; Oliva Cruz, Carlos Alberto; Arratea Pillco, David
Esta investigación examina la relación entre el uso de tecnologías de precisión con la gestión de insumos agrícolas dentro de un contexto de sostenibilidad. Se aplicaron encuestas estructuradas a 120 productores que describieron su acceso a tecnología, capacitación, integración tecnológica, productividad y barreras; se procesó la información mediante regresión lineal múltiple, correlación de Spearman y análisis de clúster para descubrir los factores que propician una gestión eficiente responsable con el ambiente y viable en lo socioeconómico de los insumos agrícolas. Se evidencia que la dimensión productividad y sostenibilidad impacta de manera positiva mientras que las barreras y desafíos lo hacen negativamente; además el modelo enfocado en la salud del suelo (R² ajustado = 0,304) demuestra que dichas tecnologías pueden elevar el rendimiento y disminuir los impactos ambientales. Sin embargo, los altos costos, la falta de infraestructura y la escasa capacitación, frenan su adopción; por lo que se propone impulsar políticas públicas, formación técnica y acompañamiento, para alcanzar sistemas agrícolas más sostenibles resilientes e inclusivos en línea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
Phenotypic variability of Smallanthus sonchifolius germplasm of Peru
(Bioversity International, 2025-08-18) Santa Cruz Padilla, Angel Esteban; Vásquez Orrillo, Jorge Luis; Rodríguez López, Silvia Yanina; Eugenio Leiva, Araceli; Bardales Lozano, Ricardo Manuel; Seminario, Juan F.; Murga Orrillo, Hipolito
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) is a functional food native to the South American Andes. Its tuberous root and leaves are the main parts consumed; however, few studies have been carried out on its phenotypic variability. This study aimed to characterize 214 yacon accessions from the Germplasm Bank of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Peru. Twelve qualitative and seven quantitative variables were used. Accession Y-74 showed the largest leaf dimensions, while Y-28 showed the highest productivity per plant. Multiple correspondence analysis and principal component analysis revealed that the variables propagule color, leaf shape, root pulp color, leaf length and width, root weight per plant, and yield contributed significantly to the discrimination and identification of promising accessions. The geographical grouping of the accessions showed differences between accessions from the north and south of Peru. The qualitative phylogenetic tree showed 12 morphological groups discriminated mainly by leaf morphology and root characteristics, while the dendrogram analysis identified four clusters, with Cluster II standing out with an average yield of 73.5t/ha of tuberous roots. These results are important, as they allowed the identification of promising accessions and useful traits that can contribute to improving productivity and promoting the expansion of yacon cultivation at national and international levels.
Manual para la producción de biofertilizantes a base de microalgas
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-08-27) Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
El INIA, a través de la Dirección de Servicios Estratégicos Agrarios (DSEA), viene ejecutando el proyecto de inversión “Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia tecnológica en el manejo y recuperación de suelos agrícolas degradados y aguas para riego en la pequeña y mediana agricultura en los departamentos de Lima, Áncash, San Martín, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Junín, Ayacucho, Arequipa, Puno y Ucayali”, con CUI N° 2487112, el cual tiene como uno de sus objetivos evaluar prácticas alternativas para el manejo de suelos y agua en la producción agrícola.
En este contexto, se ha indentificado la necesidad de implementar prácticas agrícolas más sostenibles en entornos con suelos y aguas contaminados por uso excesivo de fertilizantes sintéticos. Por ello, los biofertilizantes elaborados a partir de microalgas se han convertido en una alternativa innovadora y respetuosa con el medio ambiente para mejorar la productividad agrícola.
El presente documento ofrece una guía práctica para la producción de biofertilizantes a base de microalgas. Se destacan los métodos y técnicas de elaboración, los beneficios asociados a su aplicación, así como casos de éxito de su uso en la agricultura. Este manual está dirigido a profesionales del sector agropecuario y público en general interesado en mejorar la calidad y productividad de los suelos.
Manual para la fertilización del ajo y cebolla
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-08-27) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Villalta Soto, Martín Juan Carlos; Quello Huamaní, Antony Arturo; Pumaleque Sucasaca, Rene Solpicio; Vilca Gamarra, Cesar Francisco; Cama Moreno, Elick Melissa; Linares Escapa, Solmayra Franchesca
El INIA, a través de la Dirección de Servicios Estratégicos Agrarios (DSEA), viene ejecutando el proyecto de inversión “Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia tecnológica en el manejo y recuperación de suelos agrícolas degradados y aguas para riego en la pequeña y mediana agricultura en los departamentos de Lima, Áncash, San Martín, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Junín, Ayacucho, Arequipa, Puno y Ucayali”, con CUI N° 2487112, el cual tiene entre sus objetivos evaluar alternativas tecnológicas para el manejo de suelos y agua en la producción agrícola
En ese contexto, dos de los cultivos más emblemáticos del departamento de Arequipa son el ajo y la cebolla, los cuales desempeñan un papel fundamental en la economía local y la seguridad alimentaria. La producción sostenible de estos cultivos depende en gran medida de un manejo adecuado de la fertilidad del suelo. Por ello, se elaboró el presente Manual para la fertilización del ajo y la cebolla, basado en experiencias de investigación desarrolladas en la Estación Experimental Agraria Arequipa, así como en información documentada en bibliografía especializada. Este documento aborda los principios fundamentales de la fertilización, desde el muestreo de suelos y la identificación de los requerimientos nutricionales, hasta la formulación y aplicación de planes de fertilización específicos, según el tipo de suelo determinado por su respectivo análisis.
ns; Ajo; Garlic