Examinando por Materia "Food security"

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Adapting agriculture to climate change: A synopsis of coordinated national crop wild relative seed collecting programs across five continents
(MDPI, 2022-07-13) Eastwood, Ruth J.; Tambam, Beri B.; Aboagye, Lawrence Misa; Akparov, Zeynal I.; Aladele, Sunday E.; Allen, Richard; Amri, Ahmed; Anglin, Noelle L.; Araya, Rodolfo; Arrieta Espinoza, Griselda; Asgerov, Aydin; Awang, Khadijah; Awas, Tesfaye; Barata, Ana Maria; Kwasi Boateng, Samuel; Magos Brehm, Joana; Breidy, Joelle; Breman, Elinor; Brenes Angulo, Arturo; Burle, Marília L.; Castañeda Álvarez, Nora P.; Casimiro, Pedro; Chaves, Néstor F.; Clemente, Adelaide S.; Cockel, Christopher P.; Davey, Alexandra; De la Rosa, Lucía; Debouck, Daniel G.; Dempewolf, Hannes; Dokmak, Hiba; Ellis, David; Faruk, Aisyah; Freitas, Cátia; Galstyan, Sona; García, Rosa M.; Ghimire, Krishna H.; Guarino, Luigi; Harker, Ruth; Hope, Roberta; Humphries, Alan W.; Jamora, Nelissa; Ahmad Jatoi, Shakeel; Khutsishvili, Manana; Kikodze, David; Kyratzis, Angelos C.; León Lobos, Pedro; Liu, Udayangani; Mainali, Ram P.; Mammadov, Afig T.; Manrique Carpintero, Norma C.; Manzella, Daniele; Mohd Shukri, Mat Ali; Medeiros, Marcelo B.; Mérida Guzmán, María A.; Mikatadze Pantsulaia, Tsira; Ibrahim Mohamed, El Tahir; Monteros Altamirano, Álvaro; Morales, Aura; Müller, Jonas V.; Mulumba, John W.; Nersesyan, Anush; Nóbrega, Humberto; Nyamongo, Desterio O.; Obreza, Matija; Okere, Anthony U.; Orsenigo, Simone; Ortega Klose, Fernando; Papikyan, Astghik; Pearce, Timothy R.; Pinheiro de Carvalho, Miguel A. A.; Prohens, Jaime; Rossi, Graziano; Salas, Alberto; Singh Shrestha, Deepa; Uddin Siddiqui, Sadar; Smith, Paul P.; Sotomayor Melo, Diego Alejandro; Tacán, Marcelo; Tapia, César; Toledo, Álvaro; Toll, Jane; Vu, Dang Toan; Tuong, Dang Vu; Way, Michael J.; Yazbek, Mariana; Zorrilla Cisneros, Cinthya; Kilian, Benjamin
The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting expeditions targeting CWR of 28 crops of global significance for agriculture. Here, we describe the implementation of the 25 national collecting programs and present the key results. A total of 4587 unique seed samples from at least 355 CWR taxa were collected, conserved ex situ, safety duplicated in national and international genebanks, and made available through the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). Collections of CWR were made for all 28 targeted crops. Potato and eggplant were the most collected genepools, although the greatest number of primary genepool collections were made for rice. Overall, alfalfa, Bambara groundnut, grass pea and wheat were the genepools for which targets were best achieved. Several of the newly collected samples have already been used in pre-breeding programs to adapt crops to future challenges.
Catálogo de banano de la EEA Los Cedros del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), 2025-12-10) Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Córdova Campos, Jose Stalin; Suarez Peña, Erick Antonio; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro
El banano se posiciona entre las frutas más cultivadas en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales a nivel mundial. Gracias a sus múltiples beneficios para la salud y su alto contenido de nutrientes, es considerado como un alimento básico para la seguridad alimentaria (Ministerio de Desarrollo Agrario y Riego [MIDAGRI], 2024). El fruto está enriquecido con minerales (potasio, magnesio, calcio, hierro, cobre), vitaminas (C, niacina, tiamina, ácido fólico) y fibra dietaria, tanto en la pulpa como en la cáscara, junto con compuestos bioactivos como fenoles, carotenoides y flavonoides (Choudhury et al., 2023). Estos componentes le confieren un importante potencial antioxidante y se asocian con efectos beneficiosos para la salud, lo que respalda el consumo regular de banano como parte de una dieta saludable (Choudhury et al., 2023; Kritsi et al., 2023). Actualmente, el banano se cultiva en 145 países, siendo los principales productores India, China, Nigeria, Brasil, Filipinas y Ecuador (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2025). En el Perú, según datos oficiales, la producción nacional de banano en el año 2024 fue de 2 322 741,32 t, ocupando el primer lugar de producción el departamento de San Martín (437 457,40 t), seguido por Piura (321 242,00 t), Ucayali (301 219,05 t), Loreto (285 514,00 t) y Huánuco (232 127,00 t) (MIDAGRI, 2024). A pesar del crecimiento sostenido del cultivo a nivel global, el fortalecimiento de su base genética resulta fundamental para enfrentar los desafíos agronómicos, como la aparición de nuevas enfermedades, los efectos del cambio climático y las crecientes exigencias del mercado. La diversidad genética constituye un recurso estratégico para mejorar la productividad, la adaptabilidad y la resistencia de los cultivares (Heslop-Harrison y Schwarzacher, 2007; Perrier et al., 2011). En este contexto, los programas de conservación y caracterización de germoplasma desempeñan un rol clave en el desarrollo sostenible del sector bananero. El cultivo de banano representa una de las principales actividades agrícolas de relevancia económica en el Perú, especialmente en áreas rurales donde contribuye significativamente a la seguridad alimentaria y a la reducción de la pobreza (Rojas-Llanque et al., 2022). Con el objetivo de preservar y estudiar la diversidad genética de estas especies, el INIA estableció la colección de germoplasma de banano, en la Estación Experimental Agraria (EEA) Los Cedros, ubicada en el departamento de Tumbes. Esta colección constituye una fuente importante de material biológico para la evaluación de características agronómicas, adaptabilidad y aspectos culturales de variedades comerciales y silvestres de banano. Su existencia garantiza la sostenibilidad del cultivo frente a condiciones adversas, facilita la introducción de cultivares mejorados y protege el sistema de producción nacional, asegurando una amplia diversidad genética para las generaciones presentes y futuras (Van den Houwe et al., 2020). Actualmente, la colección resguarda 33 accesiones de banano, entre especies comestibles y silvestres. Dentro de esta colección, 17 accesiones fueron donadas por el Centro de Tránsito Internacional (ITC), gestionada por Bioversity International. Estas accesiones representan una fuente valiosa de material genético con resistencia potencial a la enfermedad del marchitamiento por Fusarium, cuyo agente causal es el hongo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense raza 4 tropical (FOC R4T), reportado en el Perú en 2021 en zonas bananeras de Piura (Acuña et al., 2022). Por otro lado, 16 accesiones fueron colectadas en el departamento de Tumbes, contribuyendo a la conservación de la biodiversidad local. Esta colección gestionada por el INIA, no solo preserva el acervo genético de musáceas, sino que también constituye un recurso estratégico para la investigación, el mejoramiento genético y la adaptación del cultivo frente a amenazas fitosanitarias. En este contexto, se viene realizando la caracterización agromorfológica de las accesiones conservadas, con el objetivo de documentar sus características más relevantes, promover su aprovechamiento en investigaciones científicas de fitomejoramiento y desarrollo agrícola que contribuyan al desarrollo sostenible del país.
Cavy production in South America: Current situation and future trends
(Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, 2017-08-10) Barrantes, Christian; Chauca Francia, Lilia Janine; Falconi, Patricia; Reyna, Angel
Cavy production in South America takes place mainly in the Andean regions of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Colombia. Since its domestication (sometime between 3000 and 6000 years ago) the cavy has been used in these countries as a source of animal protein produced with simple handling systems and adapted to the different geographical and cultural contexts. The production of cavies in these countries has grown significantly in the last years due to the promotion of its culinary and nutritional qualities. Also migration of population from rural to urban areas has brought their customs and generated a process of transculturation into the cities, which has turned massive the consumption of cavy meat. The increase in consumption has been accompanied by a growth of supply that, with some differences between countries, has allowed the development of commercial production. This adds new challenges to the ones existing in family production, which is more closely related to food and nutrition security. As a cultural food, cavies are also exported in small quantities from Peru and Ecuador (about 23.5 tons per year from both) to the USA and some European countries to cater for the demand of the Andean diaspora. The prospects of this productive activity are very good, expecting greater demand for the product in the future. However, there is need to work in promoting the association of small farmers, the creation and/or strengthening of support services to this activity (e.g. credit, technical assistance and others) and the development of technologies for both small- and largescale producers.
Challenges for the achievement of the sustainable development hoals in the South American Andean camelid chain
(Springer Nature, 2025-03-09) Larios Francia, Rosa Patricia; Cárdenas Minaya, Oscar Efraín
South American camelids, which include species such as alpacas, llamas, vicuñas and guanacos, are fundamental to food security, local economies and cultural preservation; for thousands of years, they have supported the livelihoods of millions of families living in inhospitable areas. Recognizing this, the UN has declared 2024 as the International Year of Camelids. However, the sustainability of this chain is threatened by factors such as climate change, ecosystem degradation, and the socio-economic vulnerability of producer communities. The aim of the chapter is therefore to examine the challenges to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the South American camelid value chain, specifically in the context of the Andean region. As a result, it identifies strategies implemented to mitigate these effects, including the use of immunomodulators, the development of hutches and thermal waistcoats, and the improvement of water infrastructure. It also emphasizes the need to transfer technology and innovations to strengthen the value chain, ensuring the well-being of communities and the conservation of Andean biodiversity.
Incomplete infection of secondarily infected potato plants – an environment dependent underestimated mechanism in plant virology
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2017-02-03) Bertschinger, Lukas; Bühler, Lukas; Dupuis, Brice; Duffy, Brion; Gessier, Cesare; Forbes, Gregory A.; Keller, Ernst R.; Scheldegger, Urs C.; Struik, Paul C.
The common assumption in potato virus epidemiology is that all daughter tubers produced by plants coming from infected mother tubers (secondary infection) will become infected via systemic translocation of the virus during growth. We hypothesize that depending on the prevalent environmental conditions, only a portion of the daughter tubers of a plant that is secondarily infected by viruses may become infected. To test this hypothesis experimental data from standardized field experiments were produced in three contrasting environments at 112, 3280, and 4000 m a.s.l. in Peru during two growing seasons. In these experiments, the percentage of infected daughter tubers produced by seed tubers that were infected with either potato potexvirus X (PVX), potato Andean mottle comovirus (APMoV), potato potyvirus Y (PVY) (jointly infected with PVX) or potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV) was determined. Incomplete autoinfection was found in all cases, as the percentage of virus infected daughter tubers harvested from secondarily infected plants was invariably less than 100%, with the lowest percentage of infection being 30%. Changing the growing site to higher altitudes decreased autoinfection for all viruses. Therefore, the assumption of complete autoinfection of secondarily infected plants were rejected, while the hypothesis of environmentally dependent incomplete autoinfection was accepted. The findings help explain the occurrence of traditional seed management practices in the Andes and may help to develop locally adapted seed systems in environments of the world that have no steady access to healthy seed tubers coming from a formally certified seed system. The results obtained almost three decades ago are discussed in light of most recent knowledge on epigenetic regulation of host plant – virus interactions which allow for speculating about the underlying biological principles of the incomplete autoinfection. A research roadmap is proposed for achieving explicit experimental proof for the epigenetic regulation of incomplete autoinfection in the pathosystem under study.
Participatory breeding in the Peruvian highlands: Opportunities and challenges for promoting conservation and sustainable use of underutilized crops
(Cambrigde University, 2014-05-13) Galluzi, Gea; Estrada Zúniga, Rigoberto; Apaza Mamani, Vidal; Gamarra, Mirihan; Altamirano Pérez, Ana María; Cáceres Sanizo, Gladys; Gonza Cusipuma, Víctor Antonio; Sevilla Panizo, Ricardo; López Noriega, Isabel; Jäger, Matthias
Underutilized crops tend to harbor high levels of genetic diversity, be maintained on-farm in small-scale farming systems and be relatively neglected by formal research and development strategies, including breeding programs. While high genetic variability allows these crops to adapt to marginal environments, inappropriate management practices and reductions in population sizes in individual farmers’ plots may lead to productivity loss and poor harvests. This situation further limits their cultivation and use, notwithstanding the potential these crops may hold for diversification of agricultural systems, food security and market development. Peru hosts a wealth of native agrobiodiversity, which includes many underutilized crops. To improve their performance and promote their continued conservation and use, a participatory breeding program was developed on five underutilized crops of the Peruvian highlands; the breeding approach, based on a combination of evolutionary and participatory methods, is designed to achieve a balance between yield improvement and maintenance of genetic diversity. Preliminary results in quinoa and amaranth are encouraging, fostering further engagement of farmers by increasing availability of quality seed for downstream uses. However, methodological, financial and institutional issues need to be addressed for the effort to be expanded and upscaled. This paper provides an overall description of the initiative as well as a discussion on early results obtained in quinoa and amaranth, highlighting those aspects that make this approach particularly relevant for minor crops and identifying the opportunities and challenges for the initiative to move forward.
Polinización, seguridad alimentaria y agroexportación. LXVI Convención Nacional de Entomología
(Sociedad Entomológica del Perú, 2025-11) Lizárraga Travaglini, Alfonso Diulio
Una gran cantidad de insectos ofrecen el servicio ecosistémico de polinización, su importancia radica en que, de este servicio depende una gran cantidad de plantas cultivadas y silvestres. La conservación de los ecosistemas es por ello sumamente importante; pero además es necesario la incorporación de buenas prácticas de conservación de polinizadores en los agroecosistemas, a través de prácticas como islas o corredores florales, manejo racional de plaguicidas, principalmente. Plantas nocivas para las abejas han sido reportadas, y su siembra debe ser regulada, por ejemplo, el tulipán africano, una especie introducida que afecta a las abejas. La gran cantidad de productores de especies manejadas como la abeja común (Apis mellifera) así como las abejas sin aguijón, lo cual se ha incrementado en los últimos años, son acciones que aportan a la polinización de cultivos y de plantas silvestres. Pero además existen una gran cantidad de especies, y especialmente himenópteros, lepidópteros y dípteros, que aportan a este proceso natural de polinización. Existen herramientas para evidenciar acciones en materia de polinización y crianza de abejas, p. ejem. el Plan Apícola, las Agendas Regionales de Innovación Agraria. La conservación y la producción son dos objetivos que van de la mano, y el mejor ejemplo se visualiza en el rol de los insectos polinizadores, por ello, la importancia de evidenciar el rol ecosistémico, los efectos positivos sobre la flora y la producción vegetal. Sin polinizadores, cultivos como palto y arándano, no podrían ser llevados a la máxima productividad, con las consecuencias sobre los niveles de exportación; y cultivos como zapallo y tomate, verían mermadas su producción afectando la seguridad alimentaria. Asimismo, la diversidad de plantas silvestres, que cumplen un rol en la cadena trófica de los ecosistemas se verían afectas si la presencia de los insectos polinizadores
Strengthening national genebanks through genomics and regional collaboration: Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-12-23) Carbajal Yepes, M.; Petroli, C.; Correa, M.; Breseghello, F.; Tapia, G.; Salazar, E.; Chassaigne, A.; Ferreyra, M.; Reyes Herrera, P.H.; Guzmán, M.; Mendoza, A.; Vidal, R.; Condón, F.; de Almeida, N.; Fernandez Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Rodriguez, L.; Solano, W.; Morales, A.J.; Velasquez Flores, B.L.; Soto, J.; Robles, R.; Ledesma, A.; Aragón, M.; Castillo, D.; Roa, C.; López Noriega, I.; Wenzl, P.; Sansaloni, C.
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is a center of origin and domestication for globally important crops such as cassava, common bean, maize, and potato, all of which are key to food and nutrition security worldwide. Despite this strategic role, many national genebanks in the region face technical, financial, and policy barriers that limit the use of genomic tools for characterization and conservation. These genebanks safeguard the genetic diversity needed to enhance crop yields, climate-change resilience, nutritional quality, and pest and disease resistance. In 2022, CGIAR Centers and partners established the "Community of Practice (CoP) of national genebanks in LAC" to strengthen regional capacity for generating and interpreting digital sequence information (DSI), facilitate collaboration, and promote sustainable management of plant genetic resources. Through coordinated capacity-building activities, joint crop-based analyses, and shared learning, the CoP has connected 17 institutions across 13 countries. Members have begun generating and interpreting DSI for common bean, maize, and potato, while addressing gaps in data sharing, interoperability, and policy frameworks. Looking ahead, the CoP seeks to conduct diversity analysis, establish regional core collections, integrate existing global data portals, and advocate for policy alignment to sustain genomic characterization and access to diversity. This CoP initiative provides a model applicable in other regions to strengthen genebank operations through collaborative innovation and coordinated action, contributing to resilient and equitable global food systems.
Sustainability of coffee farms: Case study of the cooperativa agraria cafetalera La Prosperidad de Chirinos
(Universe Scientific Publishing, 2025-12-29) Fernández Zarate, Franklin Hitler; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Oblitas Juarez, Jhon; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Gomez Fernandez, Darwin; García Chimbo, Nilter; Montalvan, Michael; Quiñonez Huatangari, Lenin; Acosta Jacinto, Rubén Eusebio; Ríos Julcapoma, Milton; Guardia, Guillermo; Sanz Cobeña, Alberto
Ignorance of the sustainability of coffee systems compromises the continuity of productive activities by weakening their economic viability, environmental integrity and social cohesion over time, which is why it is essential to carry out diagnoses. This study aimed to assess the sustainability level of coffee farms associated with the Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera La Prosperidad de Chirinos. From January to March 2024, data were collected from 60 farms out of a population of 788. The analysis was based on nine criteria: six environmental (soil quality, crop health, solid waste and effluent management, integrated pest and disease management, ecological knowledge, and agricultural system), two economic (agricultural economy and food sovereignty), and one social (social aspects). To identify groups of farmers with homogeneous characteristics, a cluster analysis was performed and the level of sustainability of each group was determined by calculating overall averages, represented through Amoeba charts. Results identified two farm types farms in group 1 showed less sustainability than group 2, mainly due to unfavorable conditions related to soil quality. Consequently, it is recommended to implement cover crops, live barriers, infiltration ditches, contour planting, and productive diversification for food security are recommended. This study provides a scientific diagnosis of sustainability levels on coffee farms and offers practical options for improving sustainability.