Examinando por Materia "Genetic diversity (as resource)"

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An international breeding project using a wild potato relative Solanum commersonii resulted in two new frost-tolerant native potato cultivars for the Andes and the Altiplano
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2024-03-05) Arcos Pineda, Jesus Heraclides; Del Rio, Alfonso H.; Bamberg, John B.; Vega Semorile, Sandra E.; Palta, Jiwan P.; Salas, Alberto; Gomez, Rene; Roca, William; Ellis, David
This breeding project, initiated at the United States Potato Genebank (USPG) in collaboration with Peruvian partners Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria (INIA), International Potato Center, Peru (CIP), and local farmers, sought to enhance cold hardiness and frost tolerance in native potato cultivars in Peru. The Andes and Altiplano are often affected by frost, which causes significant reduction in yield; creating varieties with superior resilience is a critical undertaking. The goal was to transfer outstanding non-acclimated cold tolerance and acclimation capacity found in wild potato species Solanum commersonii (cmm). Breeding families segregating for cold hardiness were created using (a) a somatic hybrid cmm + haploid Solanum tuberosum (tbr) (cv. Superior, US variety from Wisconsin) as male and (b) seven cultivars native to Peru of the species S. tuberosum sbsp. andigenum (adg) as females. All plant materials were part of the USPG germplasm collection. Sexual seeds of each family were sent to Peru for evaluations under the natural conditions of the Andean highlands and Altiplano. The plants were assessed for their response to frost, and genotypes showing exceptional tolerance were selected. Plants were also evaluated for good tuber traits and yield. Initial planting involving ~2,500 seedlings in five locations resulted in selecting 58 genotypes with exceptional frost tolerance, good recovery capacity after frost, and good tuber traits. Over the years, evaluations continued and were expanded to replicated field trials in the harsher conditions of the Altiplano (Puno). All trials confirmed consistency of frost tolerance over time and location, tuber quality, and yield. After 8 years, two advanced clones were considered for cultivar release because of their exceptional frost tolerance and superior field productivity that outyielded many of the established cultivars in the region. In November 2018, a new native cultivar named Wiñay, a Quechua word meaning “to grow” was released in Peru. In 2022, a second cultivar followed with the name Llapanchispaq (meaning “for all of us”). This project evidenced that a multinational and all-encompassing approach to deploy valuable genetic diversity can work and deliver effective results. This is even more significant when outcomes can promote food security and sustainability in very vulnerable regions of the world.
Assessment of the genetic diversity and population structure of the peruvian andean legume, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis), with high quality SNPs
(MDPI, 2023-03-16) Huaringa Joaquin, Amelia Wite; Saldaña Serrano, Carla Lizet; Saravia Navarro, David; García Bendezú, Sady; Rodriguez Grados, Pedro Manuel; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Camarena Mayta, Felix; Injante Silva, Pedro Hugo; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (Fabaceae), “tarwi” or “chocho”, is an important grain legume in the Andean region. In Peru, studies on tarwi have mainly focused on morphological features; however, they have not been molecularly characterized. Currently, it is possible to explore the genetic parameters of plants with reliable and modern methods such as genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Here, for the first time, we used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to infer the genetic diversity and population structure of 89 accessions of tarwi from nine Andean regions of Peru. A total of 5922 SNPs distributed along all chromosomes of tarwi were identified. STRUCTURE analysis revealed that this crop is grouped into two clusters. A dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA clustering algorithm and, like the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), it showed two groups that correspond to the geographic origin of the tarwi samples. AMOVA showed a reduced variation between clusters (7.59%) and indicated that variability within populations is 92.41%. Population divergence (Fst) between clusters 1 and 2 revealed low genetic difference (0.019). We also detected a negative Fis for both populations, demonstrating that, like other Lupinus species, tarwi also depends on cross-pollination. SNP markers were powerful and effective for the genotyping process in this germplasm. We hope that this information is the beginning of the path towards a modern genetic improvement and conservation strategies of this important Andean legume.
Diversidad de razas de maíz en sierra central del Perú
(Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, 2010-05-17) Oscanoa Rodríguez, César Augusto; Sevilla, Ricardo
Con la finalidad de caracterizar, evaluar y determinar la relación existente entre las razas de maíz de la Sierra Central del Perú (Junín, Huancavelica y Ayacucho), para conservar y utilizar la diversidad genética del maíz, se analizaron muestras de semilla colectadas en campos de agricultores (colecciones). Las razas de maíz fueron representadas por 359 colecciones. En esas colecciones se observaron 17 características asociadas a cuatro componentes principales. Los cuatro componentes constituyen las variables sobre las cuales se realizó el análisis de grupos. Como resultado, en la Sierra Central del Perú se determinaron 12 grupos raciales de maíz.
Diversidad genética de cacao en el Perú
(Bioversity International, 2023-09-30) Thomas, Evert; Imán Correa, Sixto Alfredo; Atkinson, Rachel; Zavaleta, Diego; Rodriguez, Carlos; Lastra, Sphyros; Murrieta, Edgardo; Farfán, Abel; Castro, Juan; Ramírez, José; Samanamud Curto, Angelo Francisco; Paredes Meneses, Cleydi; Arango, Karina; Cruz, Wilbert; Ramírez, Marleni; Zhang, Dapeng
El principal objetivo de este capítulo es dar a conocer la gran diversidad de cacaos que existen en el Perú para promover tanto su uso como su conservación. El capítulo demuestra que la mayoría de los diferentes cultivares tradicionales y grupos genéticos silvestres tienen una coherencia geográfica que permitirá la implementación de un sistema de denominación de origen para el cacao nativo peruano. Para poner en práctica dicho sistema es crítico tener identificado y tener acceso a materiales puros de cada grupo genético, para así poder apoyar a los agricultores, cooperativas y asociaciones, compradores, inversionistas o autoridades públicas, entre otros, en sus esfuerzos de producir y marquetear cacaos de calidad de origen nativo puro.
Genetic diversity and population structure of the Peruvian Andean legume, tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis), with high quality SNPs
(MDPI, 2023-01-19) Huaringa Joaquin, Amelia; Saldaña Serrano, Carla Lizet; Saravia Navarro, David; García Bendezú, Sady; Rodriguez Grados, Pedro; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Camarena, Felix; Injante Silva, Pedro Hugo; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (Fabaceae), “tarwi” or “chocho”, is an important grain legume in the Andean region. In Peru, studies on tarwi have mainly focused on morphological features; however, they have not been molecularly characterized. Currently, it is possible to explore the genetic parameters of plants with reliable and modern methods such as genotyping by sequencing (GBS). Here, for the first time, we used single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to infer the genetic diversity and population structure of 89 accessions of tarwi from nine Andean regions of Peru. A total of 5922 SNPs distributed along all chromosomes of tarwi were identified. STRUCTURE analysis revealed that this crop is grouped into two clusters. A dendrogram was generated using the UPGMA clustering algorithm and, like the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), it showed two groups that correspond to the geographic origin of the tarwi samples. AMOVA showed a reduced variation between clusters (7.59%) and indicated that variability within populations is 92.41%. Population divergence (Fst) between clusters 1 and 2 revealed low genetic difference (0.019). We also detected a negative Fis for both populations, demonstrating that, like other Lupinus species, tarwi also depends on cross-pollination. SNP markers were powerful and effective for the genotyping process in this germplasm. We hope that this information is the beginning of the path towards a modern genetic improvement and conservation strategies of this important Andean legume.
Genetic diversity and structure of creole cattle (Bos taurus) from southern Peruvian Highlands
(2024-01-17) Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Saldaña, Carla L.; Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Heredia Vilchez, Lizeth Amparo; Mamani Cato, Rubén Herberht; Gutierrez, Gustavo; Gomez Quispe, Oscar; Ciprian, Aldo; Murga Valderrama, Luis N.; Arbizu, Carlos I.
The creole cattle was originated after the introduction of cattle into America 5 centuries ago. Currently, the production traits of Peruvian creole cattle is scarcely known. An important characteristic of the creole cattle is its adaptability to different extreme environments. However, to date, molecular studies in Peruvian creole cattle are still scarce. Currently, due to the advances in molecular genetics, a new generation of molecular markers has been developed for the genetic characterization of livestock. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have become a very popular tool for the genetic study of livestock populations. Genome-wide SNP chips were developed for multi-breed genetic studies in cattle.
Genetic diversity in creole pigs in south central Peru
(Springer, 2023-11-30) Luna, Rosa; Acuña Rodríguez, Wendy; Gutiérrez, Gustavo; Castro Muñoz, María del Rosario; Veli Rivera, Eudosio Amancio
The creole pigs represent 67% of the national population in Peru. They are a source of economic income in rural communities, and due to their rusticity, they are not much labor demanding. However, knowledge about its genetic diversity remains scarce. The objective of this study was to determine the population structure and genetic diversity of creole pigs from rural communities in south central Peru. Thirteen microsatellites were used to characterize 120 creole pigs from the departments of Ayacucho (57) and Apurimac (63). The samples were taken from hair follicles and ear tissue. Nine microsatellites were highly polymorphic and informative (PIC > 0.5) for both departments. The Ayacucho population had a mean number of alleles (MNA) and expected heterozygosity (HE) of 8.8 and 0.68, respectively, while in the Apurimac population, these were 8.9 and 0.71, respectively. Both populations showed in less than 50% of their loci a deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. There was a moderate genetic structure according to the analysis of molecular variance and the FST statistics (0.06), which was corroborated by Bayesian methods. In conclusion, the genetic diversity was mostly due to the intrapopulation variance (91%). Some individuals from Ayacucho shared similar alleles with those from Apurimac. This latter result may be due to their geographic proximity and the introduction of the same new exotic breeds. This is the first research on the genetic diversity of creole pigs in south central Peru. In fact, this study could serve as a basis for conservation strategies and actions in this region.
Genetic structure and diversity of a peruvian collection of a high-quality wood tree species, Ulcumano (Retrophyllum rospigliosii, Podocarpaceae
(Universidad de Concepción, 2022-12-27) Saldaña Serrano, Carla Lizet; Cancán Loli, Johan Deyvid; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanett; Jhoncon Kooyip, Jorge Hugo; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin
Ulcumano, which is native to South America, is an important conifer in Peru. Molecular studies are scarce, limiting modern breeding and appropriate conservation activities. Currently, molecular markers are widely employed to explore genetic structure and diversity parameters of plant species in a fast and precise manner. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of ulcumano in Peru by using DNA-based molecular markers. Nine Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used, while 95 individuals of ulcumano were sampled from three departments of Peru. A total of 265 DNA fragments were manually scored, but 247 of them were kept after removing the non-polymorphic markers. Genetic distances were calculated using R software based on Provesti´s coefficient. A dendrogram was obtained using the UPGMA clustering algorithm, showing no clear clustering. The principal coordinate analysis agreed with two population structure analyses, demonstrating that ulcumano is contained within two clusters, (i) Junín + Pasco, and (ii) Cajamarca, while very few individuals are intermixed. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated considering the two groups (populations) identified by STRUCTURE software. Nei’s genetic diversity estimate varied between 0.22 and 0.28, while Shannon index ranged from 3.43 to 4.16. Population divergence (Fst) between the two clusters revealed low genetic differentiation (0.064). AMOVA analysis revealed that 87.31 and 12.69% of the total genetic variation were found within populations and between individuals, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular study in ulcumano in Peru, and provides valuable information for the genetic improvement and sustainable management of this conifer in the country.
Iron and zinc concentration of native Andean potato cultivars from a human nutrition perspective
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2007-02-16) Burgos, Gabriela; Amoros, Walter; Morote Quispe, Maximo; Stangoulis, James; Bonierbale, Merideth
The determination of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in 49 native Andean potato varieties revealed significant genotypic variation. Comparison of mineral concentrations of 37 of these germplasm accessions grown in two highland locations further revealed significant variation due to environments and genotype × environment interaction. Concentrations in raw, peeled tubers ranged from 9 to 37 mg Fe kg−1 and 8 to 20 mg Zn kg−1 (dry weight) with accessions 703274 and 701165 showing the highest levels of Fe and Zn, respectively, in both locations. Fe and Zn concentrations were significantly and positively correlated on a fresh weight basis in each site. Assessment of Fe and Zn retention during processing revealed no losses due to cooking, and the only significant differences found in iron content of peeled versus unpeeled potatoes could be attributed to contamination with soil iron, as confirmed by elevated levels of aluminium in the samples. The ranges of micronutrient concentrations reported indicate ample genetic diversity that might be exploited in breeding programmes seeking to increase Fe and Zn levels in human diets.
Spatial patterns of diversity and genetic erosion of traditional cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in the Peruvian Amazon: An evaluation of socio-economic and environmental indicators
(Springer Nature, 2007-02-23) Willemen, Louise; Scheldeman, Xavier; Soto Cabellos, Víctor; Rafael Salazar, Simón; Guarino, Luigi
This study evaluates quantitatively the suitability of the use of site-specific socio-economic and environmental data as indicators to rapidly assess patterns of diversity and genetic erosion risk in cassava. Socio-economic data as well as farmers’ estimation of genetic erosion were collected in the study area, the Ucayali region of the Peruvian Amazon, through interviews with 285 cassava farmers in 50 communities, while diversity was assessed based on agromorphological characterization of 295 cassava accessions. Using multivariate regression analyses, 50 and 45% of the variation in respectively diversity and genetic erosion estimation could be explained by a selected set of socio-economic and environmental indicators. In both regression models four out of the total of 38 variables proved to contribute significantly (at p < 0.10 level). Additionally, the study revealed that farmers are a good direct source of information on the diversity present at community level, which can contribute to the development of methodologies to assess diversity more rapidly. The results of this study are valuable for the development of models to rapidly assess diversity dynamics in large areas.