Capítulos de Libros

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/1935

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Viveros forestales en el trópico húmedo
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Ricse Tembladera, Auberto
Da lineamientos generales para determinar características de vivero que se proyecta instalar tamaño, modelo, ubicación, riego condiciones del sitio siembra de semillas, evaluación de germinación y crecimiento.
Condiciones naturales del bosque húmedo tropical
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Ricse Tembladera, Auberto
Los bosques y las tierras de la zona tropical del mundo a través de la historia han estado sometidos a una utilización tradicional, o mejor dicho a la explotación de los recursos naturales, renovables y no renovables lo más rápido posible, sin tomar en cuenta las consecuencias a largo plazo, fundado por la creencia que de esta manera se logra rápidamente un desarrollo económico y social.
Recolección y manejo de semillas de arboles forestales
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Flores Bendezú, Ymber
El estudio de las fases o eventos biológicos que sufre las plantas a lo largo del tiempo se conoce como fenología. En el transcurso de visa del árbol de cada especie se observa una secuencia más o menos definida de eventos biológicos como la floración. Fructificación o defoliación. Esta secuencia de eventos se denomina calendario fenológico.
Estudio tecnológico de especies de plantaciones forestales
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Reyes Inca, Pedro Pablo
Un buen manejo forestal involucra un nivel apropiado de procesamiento y de valor agregado a la madera producida. El monto en intensidad del procesamiento variará de acuerdo a las condiciones locales, incluyendo el acceso a los mercados, las habilidades y el capital disponible, y a la escala de la operación y las normas locales.
Regeración artificial
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Angulo Ruíz, Walter Enrique
Describe la metodología adecuada para el establecimiento de plantaciones como una alternativa de asegurar el continuo abastecimiento de materia prima a los usuarios.
Ecología y silvicultura de Calycophyllum spruceanum, "Capirona del bajo"
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Soudré, Manuel
Presenta resultados del estudio de caracterización ecológica realizado en el bosque “Capironal de la C.C.N.N. de Callería, con miras a centralizar información básica orientadas en un corto plazo al manejo de rodales naturales y conducción de regeneración natural que constituyen una primera posibilidad de utilización de la “capirona” a gran escala en la región.
Regeneración natural
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Vidaurre Arévalo, Héctor
Los factores del medio ambiente que determinan los sitios o hábitats donde una determinada especie puede vivir, puede ser clasificada en dos categorías según el efecto que tienen sobre la especie o la forma en que son utilizadas. Dichas categorías son denominadas condiciones y recursos.
Avances de la reforestación de la Amazonía peruana
(Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria - INIA, 1995) Seijas Dávila, Guiomar
Se utiliza la metodología del sistema de establecimiento de especies forestales en fajas de enriquecimiento, manejo de regeneración natural y sistema de establecimiento a campo abierto, principalmente de las especies: tornillo, ishpingo, cedro, caoba; así como también las experiencias de manejo de cultivos agroindustriales como frutales nativos (Camu Camu, pijuayo y arazá)
Integrated pest management in Peru
(CABI Publishing, 2003) Palacios Lazo, María; Lizárraga Travaglini, Alfonso; Velásquez Ochoa, Ricardo; Carranza Hernández, Enrique; Segovia, Isaías
The successful Peruvian cotton IPM program, begun in the 1950s, has now been extended to various other countries. Currently, IPM in export crops such as cotton, citrus, sugarcane, mango and asparagus has improved marginal profits for Peruvian producers. In crops for domestic consumption such as potato, IPM has improved the food supply for the Andean population. In addition, it has reduced the risk of pesticide exposure, pesticide residues in food and in the environment. Potato IPM has also socially impacted the resource-poor farmers on Peruvian mountains.
Effects of earthworms on soil organic matter and nutrient dynamics at a landscape scale over decades
(CRC Press, 2004-03-29) Lavelle, Patrick; Charpentier, Fabienne; Villenave, Cécile; Rossi, Jean Pierre; Derouard, Laurent; Pashanasi Amasifuen, Beto; Andre, Jean; Ponge, Jean François; Bernier, Nicolas
After several decades of unquestioned success, agriculture is now facing important global problems. Huge increases in productivity in developed countries have been accompanied by a severe depletion of “soil quality” in terms of resistance to erosion, organic contents, concentrations of heavy metals, and pesticide residues. Agricultural intensification in developing countries has been less successful because of various socioeconomic limitations. Nevertheless, traditional agricultural practices do not conserve the quality of soils; stocks of organic matter are rapidly becoming depleted, and erosion removes fine particles from the soil surface horizons. In a context of increasing human population pressures, particularly in developing countries, this degradation of soils results in many social and environmental problems (Eswaran 1994; FAO 2000). Features common to all kinds of soil degradation are a significant decrease in organic reserves, degradation of the soil structure, and severe depletion of soil invertebrate communities, especially earthworms (Decaëns et al. 1994; Lavelle et al. 1994).
Embryo transfer in camelids: Study of a reliable superovulatory treatment in llamas
(Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006-12-01) Huanca López, Wilfredo; Ratto, Marcelo; Santiani Acosta, Alexei Vicent; Cordero, Aida; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio
Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum und Toxoplasma gondii in South American camelids
(Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006-12-01) Wolf, Dennis; Gauly, Matthias; Huanca López, Wilfredo; Cárdenas Minaya, Oscar Efraín; Bauer, Christian; Schares, Gereon
Our results indicate that at least a low proportion of SAC living in this particular region of Peru has been exposed to N. caninum. The higher seroprevalences of both N. caninum and T. gondii in adult SAC than in foals suggest a predominance of postnatal routes of infection. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be investigated.
Embryo mortality and its relation with the phase of follicular development at mating in alpaca
(Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006-12-01) Huanca López, Wilfredo; Cervantes, Miriam; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio
The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between the phase of follicular development (growth, maintenance or regression) during mating with embryo mortality to day 35-post mating. 116 alpacas ≥ 3 years of age were examined daily by transrectal ultrasonography (Aloka SSD 500) using a 7.5 MHz linear-array transducer to evaluate follicular status and then assigned to the following groups G1: Growing follicle 5 - 6 mm (n = 27); G2: Growing ≥ 7 mm.(n=30); G3 Maintenance ≥ 7 mm. (n = 30); G4 Regressing follicle ≥7 mm. (n= 29). Ultrasounds examinations were performed on days 0, 2, 9, 20, 25, 30 and 35 to determine occurance of ovulation (day 2); Corpus Luteum diameter (CL (day 9) and presence of embryonic vesicle or embryo (day 20 to 35). Male acceptance, ovulation and conception rate was compared by Chi Square test between groups. Acceptance rate was 100% in groups G2,G3 and G4 but only 81.5% of animals of G1 with follicle of 6 mm. accepted mating. Ovulation rate was 95.5; 96.7; 100.0 and 96.6% in G1; G2; G3 and G4, respectively (P > 0.05) and no differences were detected between groups in CL diameter. Conception rate on day 20 was 57.1; 68.9; 60.0 and 50.0% for G1; G2; G3 and G4 (P > 0.05). Embryonic loss rates from day 20 to 35 were not significantly different between groups. This result suggest that the status of follicular development at mating would not have influence on embryo mortality rate between day 20 and 35 of gestation in alpacas and that animals that accepted mating in all phase, including the one with follicle of 6 mm diameter present similar reproductive performance.
Effect of oestradiol on embryo mortality in llamas
(Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2006-12-01) Huanca López, Wilfredo; Palomino, J.; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio
From neglect to limelight: Issues, methods and approaches in enhancing sustainable conservation and use of Andean grains in Bolivia and Peru
(kassel university press GmbH, 2009-01-31) Rojas, Wilfredo; Valdivia, Roberto; Padulosi, Stefano; Pinto, Milton; Soto, José Luis; Alcócer, Elsa; Guzmán, Lorena; Estrada Zúniga, Rigoberto; Apaza Mamani, Vidal; Bravo, Rosario
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), cañihua (C. pallidicaule Aellen) and amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus L.) are staple crops for millions of people in the Andes (NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 1989, HOLLE 1991, JACOBSEN et al. 2003). Their nutritional content (high quality proteins and good micronutrient profile), hardiness, good adaptability to environmental stresses, versatility in use, and rich associated food culture and traditions are among the reasons for their widespread use by the native civilizations of the Andes over millennia. The role of these species as a staple food has however dramatically changed in the last fifteen years due to their poor economic competitiveness with commodity cereal crops, lack of improved varieties or enhanced cultivation practices, drudgery in processing and value addition, disorganized or non-existent market chains as well as a negative image as “food of the poor” (QUEROL 1988, TAPIA et al. 1992, PADULOSI et al. 2003). Less nutritious, but more practical and trendier products made of wheat, maize and rice have been replacing Andean grains in the diets of millions of people across Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador, countries whose history has been intimately linked to the domestication and use of these ancient crops (PEARSALL 1992). The reduced use of Andean grains has been accompanied by the loss of their genetic diversity with important, albeit less obvious, repercussions for the livelihoods of Andean communities in terms of reduced sustainability and resilience of local agricultural systems, wasted opportunities for improving food and nutrition security, impoverishment of local cultures resulting in reduced self esteem and identity of people (BRESSANI, 1993, KRALJEVIC 2006). As with minor millets in South Asia or leafy vegetables in sub-Saharan Africa (ONIANG’O et al., 2006), the case of Andean grains is representative of the limits of the Green Revolution approach, which concentrated its efforts on global commodity crops, missing out hundreds of other valuable species of regional or local importance and of great value to people’s livelihoods (PADULOSI 2008). The recognition that agricultural biodiversity is a strategic asset in people’s lives has promoted over the last fifteen years or so, the rediscovery of those so-called neglected and underutilized species (NUS) crops which, as in the case of Andean grains, have for too long faced marginalization from the Research and Development sector, which has not supported their continued and effective use (PADULOSI and HOESCHLE-ZELEDON 2008). Several projects and collaborative research frameworks at national and international level have been launched in support of NUS, contributing to a re-focussing of needed and deserved attention on these ‘forgotten crops’. To that end, an important role in demonstrating the value of NUS and the development of best practices, methodologies and tools for their use enhancement is being played by the ‘IFAD-NUS Project’, the first UN-supported global effort dedicated solely to the use enhancement of NUS, including quinoa, cañihua and amaranth, tackled through international participatory, multi-stakeholder and multi-disciplinary efforts. This article reports on the work implemented by the project in Bolivia and Peru over the last seven years, highlighting significant approaches, experiences and outputs as well as challenges and experiences during the implementation of the project, which could be valuable lessons for other similar endeavors in support of NUS.
A microsatellite study on the genetic distance between suri and huacaya phenotypes in peruvian alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
(2012-01) La Manna, Vincenzo; La Terza, Antonietta; Dharaneedharan, S.; Ghezzi, Silvia; Arumugam Saravanaperumal, S.; Apaza, Nolberto; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio; Bozzi, Riccardo; Renieri, Carlo
Two coat phenotypes exist in alpaca: the Huacaya and the Suri. The two coats have different textile characteristics and different prices on the market. Although present scientific knowledge suggests a simple genetic model of inheritance, there is a tendency to manage and consider the two phenotypes as two different breeds. A 14-microsatellite panel was used in this study to assess genetic distance between Suri and Huacaya alpacas in a sample of non-related animals from two phenotypically pure flocks at the Illpa-Puno experimental station in Quimsachata. Peru. The animals are part of a germplasm established approximately 20 years ago and have been bred separately according to their coat type since then. Genetic variability parameters were also calculated. The codominant data was statistically analysed using the software Genalex 6.3, Phylip 3.69 and Fstat 2.9.3.2. The sample was tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and after strict Bonferroni correction only one locus (LCA37) showed deviation from equilibrium (P<0.05). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was also tested and 9 loci associations showed significant disequilibrium. Observed heterozygosis (Ho= 0.766; SE=0.044), expected heterozygosis (He=0.769; SE=0.033), number of alleles (Na=9.667, SE=0.772) and Fixation index (F=0.004; SE=0.036) are comparable to data from previous studies. Measures of genetic distance were 0.06 forNei’s and 0.03 for Cavalli-Sforza’s. The analysis of molecular variance reported no existing variance between populations. Considering the origin of the animals, their post domestication evolution and the reproductive practices in place, the results suggest that there is no genetic differentiation between the two populations for the studied loci.
Suri/Huacaya phenotype inheritance in alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
(2012-01) Renieri, Carlo; Valbonesi, Alessandro; Antonini, M.; La Manna, Vincenzo; Huanca Mamani, Teodosio; Apaza, Nolberto; Presciuttini, Silvano; Asparrin, M.
The Suri/Huacaya phenotype inheritance in alpaca was tested on two independent Peruvian sources of records: the Registry of Mallkini farm (588 offspring by Suri sire x Suri dam from 62 paternal half sib families, and 2,126 offspring by Huacaya sire x Huacaya dam from 177 paternal half sib families) and the results of the Quimsachata INIA ILLPA Puno experimental trial (two reciprocal experimental test-crosses, involving a total of 17 unrelated males and 149 unrelated females). The data support a genetic model in which two linked loci must simultaneously be homozygous for recessive alleles in order to produce the Huacaya phenotype. The estimated recombination rate between these loci was 0.099 (95% C.L. = 0.029-0.204). The birth of 3 Suri offspring from Huacaya x Huacaya mating is explained by a new dominant mutation on some germinal lines of Huacaya animals. The direct mutation rate can be estimated at 0.0014.
Estado del arte de la quinua en el mundo en 2013: Perú
(2014) Gómez Pando, L.; Mujica, Ángel; Chura Parisaca, Eusebio; Canahua, A.; Perez Avila, Angel Agustin; Tejada Campos, Toribio Nolberto; Villantoy Palomino, Abraham; Pocco, M.; Gonzales, V.; Marca, S.; Ccoñas, W.
La quinua es uno de los granos alimenticios utilizados en el Perú desde épocas remotas y fue uno de los cultivos básicos junto con el maíz, la papa y las raíces y tubérculos andinos antes de la época prehispánica. Aproximadamente 500 años después de la conquista española, el área cultivada se redujo en forma significativa, especialmente en los valles interandinos de la sierra central y norte, manteniéndose su cultivo en forma continua en el Altiplano de Puno, en sistemas de cultivo ancestrales o aynokas que permitieron conservar la diversidad genética. En el resto de la sierra se produjo una erosión genética y cultural del cultivo de la quinua. Es en la década de los 2000 donde se desarrolla un mercado de consumo estable de la quinua en el mercado internacional y nacional con precios adecuados que ha impulsado el cultivo de la quinua a niveles de importancia económica. Con la revaloración de la quinua se inicia un crecimiento paulatino de la superficie, la cual está entre 70 a 80% localizada en Puno y el 20 a 30% en los valles interandinos y zonas altas del resto de la Sierra; iniciándose su cultivo en la región de la costa con rendimientos que superan los 7000 kg/ha. Paralelamente al crecimiento del área y mercado se realizaron trabajos de investigación en tecnologías de cultivo, mejoramiento y procesamiento de la quinua. Actualmente el Perú es uno de los principales países productores y exportadores de quinua. En el 2012, la superficie cultivada con quinua alcanzó las 38495 ha, con un rendimiento promedio nacional de 1149 y una producción total de 44,210 toneladas.
Camu-camu - Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh
(Academic Press, 2018-02-02) Castro Gómez, Juan Carlos; Maddox, J. Dylan; Imán Correa, Sixto Alfredo
Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh (common name camu-camu) is an Amazonian fruit shrub that produces several nutritional compounds such as essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Also, it contains several health-promoting phytochemicals with powerful antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties, due to phenolics, vitamin C, and betulinic acid. In addition, it has been shown to have hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activity. Finally, it is best known for its high content of vitamin C.
Myrciaria dubia “Camu Camu” Fruit: Health-Promoting Phytochemicals and Functional Genomic Characteristics
(IntechOpen, 2018-06-13) Castro Gómez, Juan Carlos; Maddox, J. Dylan; Cobos Ruiz, Marianela; Imán Correa, Sixto Alfredo
Camu camu is a typical Amazon native fruit shrub that possesses a diploid genome, moderate genetic diversity, and population structure. The fruits accumulate several essential nutrients and synthesize L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in great quantities and an array of diverse secondary metabolites with corroborated in vitro and in vivo health-promoting activities. These beneficial effects include antioxidative and antiinflammatory activities, antiobesity, hypolipidemic, antihypertensive and antidiabetic effects, DNA damage and cancer protection effects, and other bioactivities. Many health-promoting phytochemicals are biosynthesized in several metabolic pathways of camu camu. Their reconstruction from the fruit transcriptome database was accomplished by our research group. These include basic metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway, vitamin C biosynthesis pathways, and pathways involved in secondary metabolites production. Due to their agronomic potential and fruits growing demand, recently, based on an ideotype, programs were initiated for their domestication and genetic improvement, but so far with very negligible achievements. Consequently, we propose new strategies to accelerate the processes of domestication and genetic improvement based on state of the art technologies for multiomic data analysis and innovative molecular tools.

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