Incidencia de aves granívoras y su importancia como plagas en el cultivo de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) en el altiplano peruano
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2016-12-31
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Consejo de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico y Humanístico
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[ES] La quinua es uno de los principales cultivos en el altiplano peruano muy revalorado actualmente por sus cualidades nutricionales pero con fuertes incidencias de aves-plaga que pueden mermar significativamente su productividad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la comunidad de avifauna granívora en este cultivo y sus potenciales niveles de daños. Para ello se realizaron censos en puntos de conteo en el campo de cultivo según especie del ave, época fenológica del grano y hora del día. La importancia y potencial de especies dañinas al cultivo se determinó mediante análisis del contenido estomacal de las especies más abundantes. Frecuentaron al campo de cultivo 12 especies de aves de un total de 9523 individuos, predominando Patagioenas maculosa (Temnunk) (28.76 %). Zenaida auriculata (Des Muís) (22.15 %), Sicalis uropygialis (D’ Orbigny y Lafresnaye) (25.61 %) y Zonotrichia capensis (Muller) (20,28 %). Las mayores poblaciones se observaron en el periodo de grano en madurez fisiológica en los meses de otoño con 35,5 % de todas las poblaciones y en grano lechoso los menores niveles con 13,2 %; las visitas ocurrieron principalmente en las mañanas (43,56 %), luego al mediodía (30,84 %) y finalmente en la tarde (25,59 %). Los granos de quinua constituyeron el 82,66 % de la dieta en P. maculosa, 70,13 % en S. uropygialis, 59,46 % en Z. auriculata, y 35,90 % en Z. capensis, consumiendo cada una de estas especies tm aproximado de 23,79 g, 15,54 g, 1.5 g y 0,54 g de granos, por día, respectivamente. De acuerdo a las incidencias poblacionales y la capacidad de consumo, se consideran plagas claves a las dos primeras especies, y a la tercera y cuarta como plagas potenciales.
[EN] Quinoa is a main crop in the Peruvian highland, very valued at present due to the nutritional qualities of its seeds, but with serious incidences of bird pests that can decrease significantly the yield. The objective of this research was the assessment of the community of granivorous birds in this crop and their levels of potential damages. A census was made in count points in the crop field, according to bird species, phenology of the crop and time of day. The importance and potential damage of bird pests were determined by analysis of stomach contents of the more abundant species. The farm field was frequented by 9523 individuals of birds from 12 species, dominated by Patagioenas maculosa (Temmink) (28.76 %), followed by Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs) (22.15 %), Sicalis uropygialis (D'Orbigny and Laffesnaye) (25.61 %), and Zonorrichia capensis (Muller) (20.28 %). The largest populations occurred at physiological maturity of the grain, during autumn months, with 35.5 % of all populations, and the lowest levels (13.2 %) at the milky grain period. Most birds were detected during morning times (23.56 %), then at midday (30.84 %) and late afternoon (25.59 %). Quinoa grains accounted for 82.66 % of the P. maculosa diet. 59.46 % of S. uropygialis, 70.13 % of Z. auriculata, and 35.9 % of Z. capensis, eating each of them approximately 23.79 g, 1.5 g, 15.54 g and 0.54 g respectively, per day. According to the population incidences and consumption capacity, we conclude that P. maculosa and Z. auriculata may be considered key pests, and the two others, potential pests.
[EN] Quinoa is a main crop in the Peruvian highland, very valued at present due to the nutritional qualities of its seeds, but with serious incidences of bird pests that can decrease significantly the yield. The objective of this research was the assessment of the community of granivorous birds in this crop and their levels of potential damages. A census was made in count points in the crop field, according to bird species, phenology of the crop and time of day. The importance and potential damage of bird pests were determined by analysis of stomach contents of the more abundant species. The farm field was frequented by 9523 individuals of birds from 12 species, dominated by Patagioenas maculosa (Temmink) (28.76 %), followed by Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs) (22.15 %), Sicalis uropygialis (D'Orbigny and Laffesnaye) (25.61 %), and Zonorrichia capensis (Muller) (20.28 %). The largest populations occurred at physiological maturity of the grain, during autumn months, with 35.5 % of all populations, and the lowest levels (13.2 %) at the milky grain period. Most birds were detected during morning times (23.56 %), then at midday (30.84 %) and late afternoon (25.59 %). Quinoa grains accounted for 82.66 % of the P. maculosa diet. 59.46 % of S. uropygialis, 70.13 % of Z. auriculata, and 35.9 % of Z. capensis, eating each of them approximately 23.79 g, 1.5 g, 15.54 g and 0.54 g respectively, per day. According to the population incidences and consumption capacity, we conclude that P. maculosa and Z. auriculata may be considered key pests, and the two others, potential pests.
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Loza, A., Clavitea, J. & Delgado, P. (2016) Incidencia de aves granívoras y su importancia como plagas en el cultivo de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) en el altiplano peruano. Bioagro, 28(3): 139-150.