Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Fenología, crecimiento y rendimiento de nueve líneas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) en condiciones agroclimáticas de Chincha, Perú
(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2025-09-01) Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel; Cervantes Zamudio, Rogelio; Camargo Cobeñas, Marcos Antonio; Chihuan Palomino, Evelin Analy; Rojas Meza, María Elena; Terán Rojas, José Alfonso
El frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es una de las leguminosas más cultivadas a nivel mundial por su alto valor nutricional y papel en la seguridad alimentaria. En el Perú, su producción en el valle de Chincha es vital para pequeños y medianos agricultores, siendo una fuente clave de ingresos. Sin embargo, su productividad depende de factores agroclimáticos y genéticos. Este estudio evaluó el desempeño de nueve líneas de frijol en el valle de Chincha para identificar materiales con mayor potencial productivo. Se empleó un Diseño en Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA) con 14 variables evaluadas, aplicándose análisis estadísticos como ANOVA, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y agrupamiento jerárquico. El ACP explicó el 40 % de la variabilidad total en las dos primeras dimensiones. La primera (23,3 %) estuvo asociada a componentes de rendimiento, mientras que la segunda (16,7 %) se relacionó con la fenología, peso de 100 granos y longitud de vaina. El peso de 100 granos presentó correlación positiva con el largo de vaina (r=0,80) y negativa con los días a madurez de cosecha (r=-0,56). Can D8120 y Arbolito (clúster A) fueron las líneas más productivas (1402,75 y 1511,00 kg·ha⁻¹), con peso intermedio de 100 granos (49,30-51,70 g). Larán Mejorado (clúster B) destacó por su mayor tamaño de grano y rendimiento intermedio. Estos hallazgos son clave para la selección de líneas con alto potencial productivo y su incorporación en programas de fitomejoramiento.
Poisoning by (Conium maculatum) and liver deficiency in a bovine. Clinical case
(ASPD (The Academic Society for Postgraduate Development), 2025-08-04) Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Bazán Arce, José Luis; Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
In the majority of cases, poisonings in livestock occur accidentally. The primary causes of poisoning are associated with the ingestion of toxic plants, which contain a range of substances including alkaloids, nitrates, saponins, and others, that can lead to fatal outcomes. The objective of the investigation was to ascertain the cause of death of the bovine. The animal in question was a Simmental breed heifer, aged one year and two months, weighing 250 kg live, and displaying symptoms consistent with Conium maculatum poisoning. The results of the autopsy demonstrated the following: the external examination revealed slight profuse hemorrhage and icteric mucosa on the lips, a pale and icteric flaking muzzle, pale and icteric vulvar and ocular mucosa, and small hemorrhagic vesicles focused at the level of the cross, hip, and dewlap. Additionally, the abdomen was found to be slightly enlarged with a dull sound. The internal examination revealed the presence of generalized jaundice, icteric pleural tissue, icteric myocardium, cardiomegaly with flaccidity in the left ventricle, and icteric peritoneum in the abdomen. Additionally, the rumen and intestines exhibited apparently normal contents. The abomasum and liver exhibited adhesions with necrotic tissue, hepatomegaly, necrotic tissue at the level of the common bile duct, rupture of the gallbladder with the content distributed throughout the bile ducts, and an abundant blackish liquid with a putrid odor. Laboratory tests to rule out bluetongue and bovine vesicular stomatitis were conducted at the National Agrarian Health System (SENASA) and yielded negative results for both diseases. It was determined that the bovine had died as a result of poisoning by hemlock and liver deficiency.
Ichu valorization by pleurotus spp. cultivation and potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer
(MDPI, 2025-07-23) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Dionisio, Luis; Burga, Lyana; Javier Astete, Rosario Elyzabeth; Quispe Apaza, Cinthia Sheila; Oscco Laura, Persing; Johnson Pozo, Luis Fernando
The high-Andean grass Jarava ichu (Poaceae) plays a vital role in water regulation and aquifer recharge. However, its limited use is often linked to forest fires, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. Therefore, this study aims to explore the valorization of ichu as a substrate for the cultivation of Pleurotus spp. (P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, and P. ostreatus) and to evaluate the potential of the residual substrate as a biofertilizer, offering an ecological alternative to grassland burning in the Peruvian Andes. Samples of ichu from the district of Tomás (Lima, Peru) were used as culture substrate, analyzing productivity indicators such as crop cycle (CC), biological efficiency (BE), and production rate (PR), together with the nutritional profile of the fungi and the chemical properties of the residual substrate. The results showed an average biological efficiency of 19.8%, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) in CC, BE, or PR among the species, confirming the viability of ichu as a substrate. The fungi presented a high protein content (24.1–30.41% on a dry basis), highlighting its nutritional value. In addition, the residual substrate exhibited elevated levels of phosphorus (795.9–1296.9 ppm) and potassium (253.1–291.3 ppm) compared to raw ichu (0.11–7.77 ppm for both nutrients). Germination tests on radish seeds showed rates between 80% and 100%, without inhibition, supporting its potential as a biofertilizer. This study demonstrates the double potential of ichu as a substrate for the sustainable production of edible mushrooms of high nutritional value and as a source of biofertilizers.
Biomass production of tropical trees across space and time: The shifting roles of diameter growth and wood density
(Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2025-08-26) Hornink, Bruna; Zuidema, Pieter A.; van der Sleen, Peter; Zanne, Amy E.; Assis Pereira, Gabriel; Ortega Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo; Fontana, Claudia; Portal Cahuana, Leif Armando; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Campos Barbosa, Ana Carolina Maioli; Granato-Souza, Daniela; Guimarães Pereira, Lucas; Lisi, Claudio Sergio; Nunes Menezes, Itallo Romany; Venegas Gonzalez, Alejandro; Jaén Barrios, Nelson; Roig, Fidel A.; Tomazello Filho, Mario; Groenendijk, Peter
1. Woody biomass in tropical trees contributes significantly to global carbon stocks; however, these stocks are increasingly affected by climate and land-use changes. Understanding the growth mechanisms driving woody biomass production is essential for assessing the short- and long-term contributions to carbon stocks and dynamics in tropical forests. 2. Trees accumulate biomass by increasing their size (wood volume) and/or tissue density (wood density). However, estimates of tree biomass production are often based solely on size increment through measurements of stem diameter growth, overlooking the potential spatial and temporal variation in wood density within trees. Tree-ring analysis can be applied to reconstruct past tree volume-growth and wood-density variations, allowing the quantification of their relative contributions when reconstructing past woody biomass production. 3. Here, we studied trees of the widespread Neotropical genus Cedrela along an environmental (climate and soil) gradient to address two key questions: (1) How does temporal variation in tree diameter growth and wood density affect biomass production? (2) To what extent do these relationships vary along the environmental gradient? We examined both long-term (ontogenetic) and short-term (annual) variations in diameter growth and wood density, covering eighteen sites in the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado savanna and Caatinga dry forest. 4. We found that diameter growth and wood density drive short- and long-term biomass production dynamics. Interestingly, diameter growth patterns predominantly explained short-term variability in biomass production at all sites, whereas wood density explained ontogenetic biomass patterns mainly at humid sites. These results highlight the importance of accounting for both short- and long-term variation, including climatic and ontogenetic drivers, to increase the accuracy of biomass estimations in tropical trees, particularly in humid forest ecosystems such as the Amazon. 5. Synthesis. Diameter growth is an important and good indicator of forest carbon production. However, size-related changes in wood density, which are usually neglected, are critical for accurate short- and long-term carbon assessments, especially in tropical humid sites.
Geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice soils of northwestern Peru
(Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature), 2025-08-21) Tarrillo Julca, Ever; Arce Inga, Marielita; Torres Herrera, Pedro Antonio; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Taboada Mitma, Victor Hugo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
The presence of heavy metals in agricultural soils poses a threat to the development of sustainable agriculture and ensuring food security. The objective of this study was to evaluate the geospatial distribution of heavy metals in rice-growing soils within the Amojú River Basin, Jaen, Peru. Ninety-five soil samples were collected randomly, covering four altitudinal ranges, namely, very low (374–450 m above sea level (m a.s.l.)), low (450–571 m a.s.l.), medium (571–701 m a.s.l.) and high altitudes (701–1,034 m a.s.l.), and different agronomic management stages, including four phenological phases (seedling, tillering, filling and ripening) and two agricultural practices (resting and stubble burning). The evaluation was conducted via physicochemical analysis, the single-factor pollution index, and spatial interpolation techniques through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) method. The results indicated that the contents of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) exceed the limits established in the Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for agricultural soils, with maximum Cd and Cr concentrations of 2 and 21 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively, mainly in very low-altitude areas (374–450 m a.s.l.). The single-factor pollution index results indicated slight Cd contamination and intense Cr contamination. Likewise, high levels of arsenic (As), Cd, and Cr were detected in soils managed via stubble burning, reaching 2, 2, and 16 mg kg ⁻¹, respectively. The highest Cr concentrations were located in the northeastern and western parts of the study area, whereas the highest Cd concentrations occurred in the northeastern and southwestern parts. These concentrations may be associated with potential contamination sources, with the use of phosphate fertilizers, water for cultivation, and soil erosion as key contributors. This study highlights the potential risk to rice productivity and crop safety, emphasizing the importance of implementing sustainable agricultural practices and monitoring strategies for heavy metals in soils associated with crops.
Efficacy of Two Estrus Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Gyr Dairy Cows and Their Relationship with Heat Stress in the Peruvian Tropics
(MDPI, 2025-08-25) Vásquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Hernández Guevara, José E.; Depaz Hizo, Benjamín Alberto; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo; Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Rojas Reategui, Marisol; Segura Portocarrero, Gleni T.; Juarez Moreno, Jorge D.; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
The performance of estrus synchronization protocols may be influenced by stressful environmental conditions, even in tropically adapted cattle. This study evaluated the efficacy of two synchronization protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in crossbred Gyr dairy cows and their relationship with heat stress under Peruvian tropical conditions. Multiparous lactating cows under semi-intensive systems were synchronized and divided into two groups: the conventional protocol (PC9) and the prolonged proestrus protocol (J-Synch6). Estrus manifestation, pregnancy rate, and their association with the temperature–humidity index (THI) were analyzed across seven phases of the FTAI program (73 days). In PC9 cows, no significant effect of the number of hours in each heat stress category according to THI was found. Conversely, in J-Synch6 cows, more hours in Category 0 (THI < 72) during Phases 1 to 4 (follicular emergence to preovulatory follicle) had a positive effect on the estrus manifestation, whereas in Phase 3 (follicular growth), higher exposure to Category 3 (THI ≥ 83) had a negative effect on estrus manifestation. Both protocols demonstrated similar estrus and pregnancy rates, although heat stress affected estrus rates in J-Synch6, but not pregnancy. The choice of protocol should account for heat stress risks during specific periods of the year to maximize success.
Tecnologías de precisión y su relación con la gestión de insumos agrícolas en el contexto de la sostenibilidad en regiones vulnerables
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, 2025-08-18) Santillán Gonzáles, Manuel Dante; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Lobato Galvez, Roiser Honorio; Oliva Cruz, Carlos Alberto; Arratea Pillco, David
Esta investigación examina la relación entre el uso de tecnologías de precisión con la gestión de insumos agrícolas dentro de un contexto de sostenibilidad. Se aplicaron encuestas estructuradas a 120 productores que describieron su acceso a tecnología, capacitación, integración tecnológica, productividad y barreras; se procesó la información mediante regresión lineal múltiple, correlación de Spearman y análisis de clúster para descubrir los factores que propician una gestión eficiente responsable con el ambiente y viable en lo socioeconómico de los insumos agrícolas. Se evidencia que la dimensión productividad y sostenibilidad impacta de manera positiva mientras que las barreras y desafíos lo hacen negativamente; además el modelo enfocado en la salud del suelo (R² ajustado = 0,304) demuestra que dichas tecnologías pueden elevar el rendimiento y disminuir los impactos ambientales. Sin embargo, los altos costos, la falta de infraestructura y la escasa capacitación, frenan su adopción; por lo que se propone impulsar políticas públicas, formación técnica y acompañamiento, para alcanzar sistemas agrícolas más sostenibles resilientes e inclusivos en línea con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
Phenotypic variability of Smallanthus sonchifolius germplasm of Peru
(Bioversity International, 2025-08-18) Santa Cruz Padilla, Angel Esteban; Vásquez Orrillo, Jorge Luis; Rodríguez López, Silvia Yanina; Eugenio Leiva, Araceli; Bardales Lozano, Ricardo Manuel; Seminario, Juan F.; Murga Orrillo, Hipolito
Smallanthus sonchifolius (yacon) is a functional food native to the South American Andes. Its tuberous root and leaves are the main parts consumed; however, few studies have been carried out on its phenotypic variability. This study aimed to characterize 214 yacon accessions from the Germplasm Bank of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Peru. Twelve qualitative and seven quantitative variables were used. Accession Y-74 showed the largest leaf dimensions, while Y-28 showed the highest productivity per plant. Multiple correspondence analysis and principal component analysis revealed that the variables propagule color, leaf shape, root pulp color, leaf length and width, root weight per plant, and yield contributed significantly to the discrimination and identification of promising accessions. The geographical grouping of the accessions showed differences between accessions from the north and south of Peru. The qualitative phylogenetic tree showed 12 morphological groups discriminated mainly by leaf morphology and root characteristics, while the dendrogram analysis identified four clusters, with Cluster II standing out with an average yield of 73.5t/ha of tuberous roots. These results are important, as they allowed the identification of promising accessions and useful traits that can contribute to improving productivity and promoting the expansion of yacon cultivation at national and international levels.
Morphometric Characterization and Zoometric Indices of High-Andean Creole Cows from Southern Peru
(MDPI, 2025-08-20) Ccalta Hancco, Ruth; Huayta Arizaca, Rito Felipe; Salcedo Quispe, Elvis Lizandro; Valverde, Anthony; Cucho Dolmos, Hernán Carlos; Canaza-Cayo, Ali William; Acuña Leiva, Alex Yony; Estrada Cañari, Richard
High-Andean Creole cattle represent a genetic resource with significant adaptive value in high-altitude ecosystems. In this study, 151 Creole cows from the provinces of Canas and Quispicanchis (Cusco, Peru) were evaluated to characterize their morphometry, calculate zoometric indices, and establish functional biotypes. Ten morphometric parameters were measured, and eight structural indices were calculated. Four differentiated biotypes were identified through the multivariate analysis and hierarchical clustering of quantitative variables (BI, BII, BIII, and BIV). Morphological differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and associated with different productive orientations. Biotype I showed greater thoracic development and a compact structure, which is compatible with intermediate beefaptitude; Biotype II exhibited more elongated proportions and a lower weight, indicating a dairy tendency; Biotype III stood out for its muscle mass, thoracic depth, and pelvic width, evidencing a clear beef orientation; and Biotype IV combined a higher weight, rectangular conformation, and wide pelvis, showing potential for beef production and ease of calving. Functional differentiation was supported by Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and PERMANOVA tests. Correlations between morphometric variables and zoometric indices revealed anatomical patterns consistent with the productive functions proposed. The results highlight the morpho-functional diversity of Andean Creole cattle and their potential for conservation and improvement programs in extensive highland systems.
Efecto de la criopreservación del semen de verraco sobre la funcionalidad de la membrana plasmática del espermatozoide
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, 2025-06-30) Sevilla, Francisco; Araya Zuñiga, Ignacio; Matamoros, Kenneth; Barrientos Morales, Manuel; Ccalta Hancco, Ruth; Valverde, Anthony
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la funcionalidad de la membrana plasmática de espermatozoides criopreservados de verraco en muestras con diferentes porcentajes de gametos viables. Se utilizaron 15 eyaculados en cuatro tratamientos con 100, 75, 50 y 25% de espermatozoides viables. Previo a la criopreservación los espermatozoides se incubaron durante 24 h. Cada tratamiento se diluyó en TRISY (Tris con yema de huevo) y los espermatozoides se almacenaron a 5 ºC. Luego, se utilizó TRIS-Y-G-E (Tris con yema de huevo-glicerol-Equex) para la dilución y se envasaron en pajillas de 0.5 mL. Se congelaron en forma manual en nitrógeno líquido en dos etapas de temperatura. La descongelación de las pajillas se hizo a 37 ºC durante 20 s. La funcionalidad espermática fue evaluada pos-descongelación (30 y 150 min), utilizando [Merocianina 540 (M540) y Yo-Pro-1] en muestras incubadas en un medio capacitado (37 ºC y 5% de CO2 ). La peroxidación lipídica fue medida mediante espectrofotometría e indirectamente a partir de la concentración de malonildialdehído (MDA) y la producción intracelular de sustancias oxígeno reactivas (ROS) en muestras incubadas durante 30 min. Las concentraciones de MDA aumentaron conforme disminuyó el porcentaje de espermatozoides viables. Se observó una correlación negativa entre MDA y la movilidad total (MT), la movilidad progresiva (MP), y la integridad de la membrana plasmática y acrosomal. Hubo un efecto del tratamiento de gametos viables y del tiempo pos-descongelación sobre la producción de ROS y la desestabilización de la membrana plasmática. El porcentaje de gametos viables del semen antes de la criopreservación condicionó la calidad espermática de las muestras criopreservadas.
Phenotypic characterization of wild Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh ex situ germplasm bank for breeding, conservation, and sustainable development in the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-08-07) Imán Correa, Sixto Alfredo; Samanamud Curto, Angelo Francisco; Ramírez, Juan F.; Cobos, Marianela; Castro, Juan C.
Introduction: Myrciaria dubia “camu-camu” is an economically important Amazonian fruit shrub known for its exceptionally high vitamin C content. Despite its commercial value, comprehensive phenotypic characterization of available genetic resources remains limited, hindering breeding programs and conservation strategies. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic diversity of wild accessions maintained in a 36-year-old ex situ germplasm bank, one of the most comprehensive M. dubia collections globally, to provide baseline data for genetic improvement and conservation. Methods: We evaluated 43 wild accessions systematically collected from eight major hydrographic basins in the Loreto region using a stratified sampling approach to capture maximum ecological diversity and maintained in an ex situ germplasm bank established in 1988 at the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation in Loreto, Peru. Twenty-three quantitative and six qualitative morphological descriptors were assessed using standardized protocols specifically developed for M. dubia, emphasizing commercially important descriptors including fruit weight, pulp content, and seed characteristics. Statistical analyses encompassed univariate variability assessment, bivariate correlations, and multivariate classification through hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis. Results: Phenotypic characterization revealed moderate overall variability with coefficient of variation averaging 17.4%, with reproductive descriptors showing greater variation than vegetative traits. Fruit and seed descriptors exhibited the highest variability exceeding 20%, while qualitative descriptors showed limited diversity with Shannon Index of 0.823. Multivariate analysis identified four distinct phenetic groups with no significant correlation to geographic origin (Mantel test, p=0.4034). Principal component analysis revealed fruit-related descriptors as primary drivers of phenotypic differentiation, explaining 57.1% of observed variability. Three accessions from phenetic group 3 (PER1000416, PER1000423, and PER1000411) demonstrated superior trait combinations: fruit weight exceeding 13 g, pulp content above 75%, and reduced seed count below 2.5 seeds per fruit. Conclusion: The moderate phenotypic variability observed reflects the natural distribution patterns and limited domestication history of the species. This comprehensive characterization provides essential baseline data and a foundation for targeted breeding programs, conservation strategies, and sustainable production systems supporting development while preserving the genetic diversity in the Peruvian Amazon
Aptitud de uso del ulcumano (Retrophylum rospigliosii), procedente de una plantación de 32 años mediante la caracterización tecnológica y anatómica
(Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, 2017-12-15) García Meza, Haru Angelina; Chumbimune Vivanco, Sheyla Yanett; Acevedo Mallque, Moisés Pascual; Chavesta Custodio, Manuel; Cuellar Bautista, José Eloy; Salazar Hinostroza, Evelyn Judith
En el presente estudio se evaluaron las propiedades físicas - mecánicas y se realizó la caracterización anatómica de la madera de ulcumano (Retrophyllum rospigliosii), procedente de una plantación de 32 años de edad bajo un sistema agroforestal con café, en Villa Rica, Pasco. Se identificó su aptitud de uso y se analizó la variación de las propiedades físicas-mecánicas y las características anatómicas en tres niveles del eje longitudinal. Las probetas y los ensayos fueron realizados de 5 árboles con un diámetro y altura promedio de 25,6 cm y 25,8 m respectivamente, de acuerdo a las Normas Técnicas Peruanas para las propiedades físicas y mecánicas, y la norma de Procedimientos en estudios de anatomía de la Madera IBAMA para las evaluaciones anatómicas. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que flexión estática (ELP y MOR), contracción tangencial y volumétrica total presentan diferencia significativa en cuanto a los niveles de corte. Las ecuaciones de regresión demostraron que la densidad básica es un buen estimador para predecir la resistencia a la dureza y el módulo de ruptura en flexión estática. En la relación entre las características anatómicas y las propiedades físicas, los coeficientes de correlación son bajos, atribuyendo la variación de las propiedades físicas a otros factores distintos a la anatomía de la especie, que pueden ser explicados por la posición de la probeta y la presencia de madera juvenil, entre otras causas. Los valores promedios de las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la madera en estudio al ser comparadas con valores provenientes de bosque natural resultaron menores. Por los resultados obtenidos en densidad, con-tracción volumétrica y resistencia mecánica, la especie fue clasificada en el grupo II en la categoría baja. Finalmente, los usos que se recomiendan son: carpintería de obra, muebles y ebanistería, trabajos de carpintería, mangos de herramientas y artículos deportivos, instrumentos científicos y profesionales, cajonería, laminado y como material para pulpa.
Características anatómicas y propiedades físicas de la madera de Cedrela odorata L., de 22 años, San Gabán – Perú
(Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), 2020-12-31) Anquise Ticahuanca, Ruben César; Ccahuana Jihuallanca, Ever Ángel; Portal Cahuana, Leif Armando
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo general describir las características anatómicas y las propiedades físicas bajo el método no destructivo de los árboles semilleros de Cedrela odorataL., de 22 años en el Anexo Experimental INIASan Gabán – Pampa Alegre. Se colectaron ocho árboles de la especie cedro, seleccionados siguiendo los criterios de la NTPN°251.008: 2012, donde se consideraron aspectos generales, fitosanitarios, y dasométricos, entre otros. Posteriormente, se seleccionaron por cada árbol dos muestras empleando el barreno de Pressler. Se determinaron las 3características macroscópicas, microscópicas, contenido de humedad, las densidades, el peso calculado de 1 my 1 pie tablar al 12% de contenido de humedad. Los resultados acerca de las características anatómicas mostraron diferencias en cuanto al diámetro tangencial de los poros, que fue menor que el promedio (133.20 μm), respecto a la información científica existente sobre anatomía del cedro. Las propiedades físicas mostraron que Cedrela odorataL., a los 22 años se clasifica como madera de densidad básica baja, en comparación con estudios de cedro en bosque natural, donde su clasificación es de densidad básica media.
Cows of reproductive age in the high Andean region of Peru have seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 and Neospora caninum
(American Veterinary Medical Association, 2025-07-08) Contreras Vílchez, Víctor; Mendoza Palomino, Efrain; Jiménez Aparco, César; Huamán Lizana, Darwin; Acuña Leiva, Alex Tony; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
Objective To determine the seroprevalence of infectious agents with reproductive implications in cattle from 3 districts of the high Andean region of Peru over 3,500 m above level sea. Methods 361 blood samples were collected from cows in 3 districts of the Apurimac department using nonprobabilistic stratified sampling for an exploratory study. Antibodies against Brucella spp, Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine leukemia virus, bluetongue virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV), and Neospora caninum (NC) were detected by ELISA. Analysis of independence, multiple correspondence, and logistic regression were performed for risk factors, with district, age, and phenotypic traits as predictors. Results The highest seroprevalences were 18.28% BHV and 6.93% NC, with a similar trend at the sector and herd levels. Bovine herpesvirus 1 was predominant in Cotaruse and Oropesa and NC in Oropesa and San Jerónimo. The multiple correspondence analysis explained 42.40% of the structural variability, with greater dispersion observed between seropositives for NC and BHV, without a significant association between seropositivities. The district was a risk factor for NC, with a 95% CI of 0.11 to 0.88 in Cotaruse, although the 95% CI for BHV was 7.33 to 630.75 in Cotaruse and 14.11 to 1,289.94 in Oropesa. Conclusions BHV and NC are seroprevalent in cows from the sampled high Andean herds, and district location is the strongest risk factor. Clinical Relevance Environmental conditions and livestock management practices of the region could explain the seroprevalence rates; however, strengthening surveillance against BHV and NC is imperative to prevent risks of acute or subclinical infections.
Propiedades físicas, mecánicas y características anatómicas de Vochysia kosnipatae Huamantupa (Alco kaspi) de una plantación del distrito San Gabán
(Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), 2020-12-31) Anquise Ticahuanca, Ruben César; Ccahuana Jihuallanca, Ever Ángel; Zevallos Pollito, Percy Amilcar; Portal Cahuana, Leif Armando
La presente investigación presenta como objetivo principal las características anatómicas y propiedades físicas y mecánicas de una nueva especie endémica del Perú reportada en 2005, Vochysia kosnipatae Huamantupa (Alco kaspi), procedente de plantación experimental de ocho años de San Gabán, Departamento de Puno (Perú). Se colectaron cinco trozas de 1.30 m por árbol al azar de una población de 18 árboles. Luego se obtuvieron tablones centrales de 8 cm; a partir de ellos se elaboraron las probetas en una carpintería, para posterormente evaluar las probetas en los laboratorios de anatomía de la madera UNAMAD y tecnología de la madera de UNALM. Los procedimientos se fundamentaron en metodologías de las Normas Técnicas Peruanas COPANT y IAWA. Los resultados difunden el primer reporte de la anatomía y propiedades físicas de la madera de V. kosnipatae Huamantupa (Alco kaspi) procedente de una plantación experimental de ocho años en San Gabán. Además, los resultados permiten dar criterios técnicos sobre la utilización racional y técnica de la madera de V. kosnipatae.
Inoculation of Bacillus subtilis in acidic soil amended with biochar and liming materials in maize cultivation
(Nature Publishing Group, 2025-08-06) Diaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Coral Cardenas, Sergio Axel; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Diaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Ocaña Reyes, Jimmy Alcides; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cuevas Giménez, Juan Pablo
The use of amendments in combination with Bacillus subtilis has been understudied as a strategy for rehabilitating acid soils and improving cropping systems. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of amendments and B. subtilis on the development, yield, and nutritional quality of the hard yellow maize Marginal 28 T variety. A randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement was employed, considering five amendments, including biochar, alongside the application of B. subtilis. The combination of biochar and B. subtilis significantly increased plant and ear height (p < 0.01), achieved a grain yield of 4.11 t ha⁻¹, and reduced flowering time by seven days. Strong correlations were observed between male and female flowering (r = 0.99) and between stem diameter and leaf area (r = 0.95), indicating improved vegetative development. Soil pH and nutrient availability, such as phosphorus, were also enhanced. The combined use of amendments and B. subtilis optimizes yield and improves soil chemical properties. Thus, applying biochar and B. subtilis improves growth, yield, and soil quality, consolidating a promising strategy for sustainable agriculture in acid soils.
Short Communication: Prediction of body weight using morphometric measurements in Creole goats from Peru
(Society for Indonesian Biodiversity, 2025-07-15) Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Tafur Gutierrez, Lucinda; Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Salinas Marco, Jorge; Acosta Granados, Irene Carol; Ruiz Chamorro, Jose Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Trillo Zarate, Fritz Carlos
Goats are an important component of smallholder family farms along the coast and highlands of Peru. The weight of an animal is an important indicator of the production and economy of farmers in rural areas. Therefore, this study aimed to develop predictive models for Body Weight (BW) using Morphometric Measurements (MM) of Creole goats (Capra hircus) in Perú. BW and five MM were collected from 356 goats from the coast and highlands of Peru. Variables were analyzed using correlation and stepwise regression analysis to select the best model based on the coefficient of determination (r²), adjusted r², Residual Standard Error (RSE), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) using the RStudio statistical software. The highest correlation was found between BW and TG (0.76), followed by RW (0.67), and RH (0.65). The combinations of MM selected as predictors of BW by stepwise regression were TG, RH, and RW, with r² 0.640. The selected candidate model met all established tests and, upon validation, reached an r² of 0.66 (p<0.001), indicating that the model can adequately predict the BW of Peruvian Creole goats and serve as a practical tool to support selection programs, feeding strategies, and market decision-making in smallholder systems.
Spatial Distribution of Cadmium in Avocado-Cultivated Soils of Peru: Influence of Parent Material, Exchangeable Cations, and Trace Elements
(MDPI, 2025-06-30) Solorzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Llerena Arroyo, Rigel Arturo; Mejía Maita, Sharon; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando
Potentially toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils represent a global concern due to their toxicity and potential accumulation in the food chain. However, our understanding of cadmium’s complex sources and the mechanisms controlling its spatial distribution across diverse edaphic and geological contexts remains limited, particularly in underexplored agricultural regions. Our study aimed to assess the total accumulated Cd content in soils under avocado cultivation and its association with edaphic, geochemical, and geomorphological variables. To this end, we considered the total concentrations of other metals and explored their associations to gain a better understanding of Cd’s spatial distribution. We analyzed 26 physicochemical properties, the total concentrations of 22 elements (including heavy and trace metals such as As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sr, Tl, V, and Zn and major elements such as Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, and Na), and six geospatial variables in 410 soil samples collected from various avocado-growing regions in Peru in order to identity potential associations that could help explain the spatial patterns of Cd. For data analysis, we applied (1) univariate statistics (skewness, kurtosis); (2) multivariate methods such as Spearman correlations and principal component analysis (PCA); (3) spatial modeling using the Geodetector tool; and (4) non-parametric testing (Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post hoc test). Our results indicated (1) the presence of hotspots with Cd concentrations exceeding 3 mg·kg ⁻¹ , displaying a leptokurtic distribution (skewness = 7.3); (2) dominant accumulation mechanisms involving co-adsorption and cation competition (Na⁺, Ca²⁺), as well as geogenic co-accumulation with Zn and Pb; and (3) significantly higher Cd concentrations in Leptosols derived from Cretaceous intermediate igneous rocks (diorites/tonalites), averaging 1.33 mg kg⁻¹ compared to 0.20 mg·kg⁻¹ in alluvial soils (p < 0.0001). The factors with the greatest explanatory power (q > 15%, Geodetector) were the Zn content, parent material, geological age, and soil taxonomic classification. These findings provide edaphogenetic insights that can inform soil cadmium (Cd) management strategies, including recommendations to avoid establishing new plantations in areas with a high risk of Cd accumulation. Such approaches can enhance the efficiency of mitigation programs and reduce the risks to export markets.
Desarrollo de modelos no lineales de altura-diámetro para cuatro especies de la Amazonía peruana
(Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Facultad de Ciencias Forestale, 2025-07-18) Flores Bendezú, Ymber
La relación entre la altura total y el diámetro de un árbol es fundamental en los modelos de crecimiento y productividad forestal, así como en la comprensión de la dinámica de los rodales. En este estudio, se evaluaron veinte modelos para predecir la altura total de cuatro especies forestales utilizando el diámetro a la altura del pecho: Dipteryx ferrea, Amburana acreana, Handroanthus serratifolius y Parkia nitida. Para D. ferrea, los modelos más adecuados fueron Rational, Exponential Association 2, Weibull, Hossfeld IV y Loetsch, destacando el modelo Rational por su alto desempeño en criterios como el coeficiente de correlación (r) y el error estándar (SE). En el caso de A. acreana, el modelo Hossfeld fue el más eficiente, seguido por Logistic Power y Hoerl, destacándose en r, R² y el error cuadrático medio (RMSE), aunque el modelo Hoerl presentó diferencias signifi-cativas con los otros modelos. Para H. serratifolius, los modelos más apropiados fueron Gompertz, Rational y MMF, siendo MMF el que mostró mejor desempeño en R² y RMSE. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los modelos en la predicción de la altura. Finalmente, para P. nitida, los modelos Hoerl y Exponential Association 2 fueron los más efectivos, destacando este último por su menor error estándar y RMSE. En general, no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los modelos de mejor rendimiento en cuanto a la altura total observada (p ≥ 0.05).
Genomic characterization of Escherichia coli isolates from alpaca crias (Vicugna pacos) in the peruvian highlands: insights into functional diversity and pathogenicity
(MDPI, 2025-06-30) Zapata, Celso; Rodriguez Perez, Lila Maciel; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madedein; Coila, Pedro; Hañari Quispe, Renán Dilton; Oros, Oscar; Zanabria, Víctor; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos Enrique; Rojas Cruz, Diórman; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Ortiz Morera, Narda Cecilia; Estrada Cañari, Richard
Diarrhea in alpaca crias significantly impacts livestock health in high-altitude regions, with Escherichia coli as a common pathogen. This study analyzed 10 E. coli isolates from diarrheic and healthy alpacas using whole-genome sequencing to assess genetic diversity, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance. Predominant sequence types (ST73, ST29), serotypes (O22:H1, O109:H11), and phylogroups (B2, B1, A) were identified. Virulence profiling revealed ExPEC-like and EPEC pathotypes, while resistance genes for β-lactams (blaEC-15), fosfomycin (glpT_E448K), and colistin (pmrB) were prevalent. These findings highlight the need for genomic surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship to manage E. coli infections in alpacas and reduce public health risks.

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