Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Native microbial consortia: A sustainable strategy for improving the quality of forest seedlings in the Peruvian Amazon
(MDPI, 2025-02-10) Amaringo Cordova, Luiz Paulo; Mori Montero, Cesar; Padilla Castro, Cesar Franco; Ocaña Reyes, Jimmy A.; Riveros Lizana, Christian Alonso; Camacho Villalobos, Alina Alexandra; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Forest plantations represent an alternative to reduce timber extraction pressure in the Amazonian forests. In order to tolerate the hostile field conditions of deforested areas, high-quality seedlings are required. This study aimed to find the optimal dose of a native microbial consortium (NMC), which enhances seedling quality indicators, in three forest species at nursery phase. A completely randomized design (3 × 5) was used. Factor 1: Bolaina blanca (Guazuma crinita Mart.), Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum Benth. Hook. f.), and Marupa (Simarouba amara Aubl.). Factor 2: Incremental doses of 0, 160, 320, 480, and 640 mL NMC per plant. The nursery survival (%), robustness index, root height/length ratio, shoot–root index, Dickson Quality Index (DQI), Nitrogen (%), Phosphorus (%), and Potassium (%) content in tissues were analyzed. Statistical analyses consisted of two-way ANOVA per variable and correlation analysis. The results indicated that increasing doses of NMC did not improve nursery survival for any species; did not decrease the robustness index, plant height/root length ratio, or the shoot–root index for any species; and did not increase the DQI, P%, or K% for any species; however, they did increase the N% for all species. In conclusion, the incremental dose of 160 mL was chosen for increasing the N% without affecting nursery survival.
Integrating remote sensing and in-situ data to determine climate diversity and variability in cocoa systems in the provinces of Jaén and San Ignacio, Cajamarca (NW Perú)
(Elsevier, 2024-12-08) Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Goña Goñas, Malluri; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Arce Inga, Marielita; Tarrillo Julca, Ever; Alvarez Robledo, Yeltsin Abel; Tafur Culqui, Josué; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Gómez Fernández, Darwin
La falta de información sobre la distribución geográfica de los sistemas de cacao, junto con la diversidad de especies y la influencia de los factores climáticos en los rendimientos, representa desafíos para la gestión agronómica de estas plantaciones y la implementación de políticas agrícolas más efectivas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo mapear el área de cacao, la diversidad de especies y su respuesta a la variabilidad climática histórica en las provincias de Jaén y San Ignacio, Cajamarca, Perú. Se procesaron datos de PlanetScope y Sentinel-1 en Google Earth Engine utilizando el algoritmo de clasificación Random Forest. Se identificaron 4,338.6 ha de sistemas de monocultivo y agroforestería de cacao, logrando una precisión temática del 85% y un índice kappa de 0.81. Se determinó que Musa sp. predomina en altitudes bajas, mientras que Inga edulis mostró mayor dominio en altitudes más elevadas. La aplicación de datos climáticos y de rendimiento del cacao permitió calcular el índice de anomalía estandarizada, evidenciando el impacto notable de la precipitación en la producción de cacao, especialmente en 2021 y 2022. Este enfoque integrado proporciona una comprensión más profunda de los sistemas agroforestales de cacao, estableciendo una base sólida para la toma de decisiones destinadas a optimizar el rendimiento mediante prácticas agrícolas adaptadas a condiciones climáticas específicas y fomentando la biodiversidad mediante la incorporación de especies nativas.
Characterization and typology of goat production systems in the Southern Highlands of Peru
(Veterinary World, 2025-01-29) Sessarego Dávila, Emmanuel Alexander; Trillo Zarate, Fritz Carlos; Godoy Padilla, David José; Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Background and Aim: Characterizing local animal production systems is crucial for sustainable livestock development. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of goat production systems in the Highlands of Chincha province, Ica, Peru. Materials and Methods: A structured questionnaire was used to gather data from 82 goat breeders in three districts: San Juan de Yanac, San Pedro de Huacarpana, and Chavín. Factor analysis of mixed data and hierarchical classification analysis were conducted to identify typologies of goat production systems using R version 4.4.2. Results: Four distinct goat production types were identified, primarily differentiated by feeding location and deworming frequency. Type 2 (41.5%) was the most prevalent, characterized by grazing on breeders own land, minimal milk production (<1 liter/day, 91.2%), and a focus on cheese and goat kid sales (70.6%). Breeders were predominantly women, with limited resources and extensive management systems. Across all types, mixed breeding was common, and economic reliance on livestock and agriculture prevailed. Conclusion: Despite their diversity, all goat production systems shared extensive management practices and resource constraints, resulting in low productivity. These findings highlight the need for targeted public policies to improve productivity and sustainability in goat farming within the Ica region.
A review of sustainable cattle genetic improvement in the Peruvian Highlands
(Elsevier, 2025-01-25) Álvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Muñoz Vílchez, Yudith Yohany; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
Cattle breeding in the highlands of Peru is an important economic activity at the level of the entire rural extension, because it serves as an economic reserve for rural families and forms an integral part of the agri cultural producer’s culture. This review aimed to provide a literature- and research-based approach to the fundamental aspects of a national genetic improvement plan, emphasising the efficacy of using a bovine germplasm of high genetic quality as an initiative to implement genetic improvement programmes. The concepts to be implemented in national livestock farming include high yield, feed conversion efficiency, and minimum greenhouse gas emissions. The use of a dual-purpose germplasm to maximise the usefulness of livestock farmers and the implementation of improvement programmes, with the expectation of achieving a differential increase in genetic merit, were also considered. In addition to aspects related to milk and carcase quality, there is a terri torial approach, such as the case of breeds that adapt to terminal crossbreeding and consider reproductive as pects. One of the final aspects considered is the conservation and valuation of local animals within conservation and improvement plans owing to their resistance and adaptation to temperature and altitude conditions
Yield predictions of ‘Del Cerro’ cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm by multispectral monitoring in the north coast of Peru
(Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA, 2025-02-01) Cruz Grimaldo , Camila Leandra; Nieves Rivera, Marite Yulisa; Vera Díaz , Elvis; Durán Gómez , Moisés Rodrigo; Morales Pizarro , Davies Arturo; Salazar Coronel, Willian; Arbizu, Carlos I
Peruvian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has great acceptance and demand in the national and international textile market due to the excellent quality of its extra-long fiber, durability and resistance. To evaluate cotton cultivar performance, we need to use tools such as drones + sensors. However, these tools have not been widely used in the Peruvian agricultural area. Here we evaluated seven agro-morphological characters of 21 accessions of Del Cerro cotton cultivar from the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation of Peru with highthroughput phenotyping methods. We employed a Matrice 300 RTK unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with the MicaSense Dual Red Edge Blue multispectral sensor to assess plant height, yield, and spectral signature during physiological maturity stage; other morphological characters were manually scored. Multispectral monitoring revealed the phytosanitary status of the crop, which begins to enter senescence after 130 d after sowing (DAS) due to the decrease of the vegetation indices (VI). Pearson correlations between yield and VI showed favorable values, exceeding 0.60 at 94 DAS for normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), relative vigor index (RVI), and normalized difference red edge index (NDRE). Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on the same date, a significant correlation was found between NDVI and yield. Additionally, yield prediction equations were generated with the normalized difference water index (NDWI) showing an R value of 0.74 at 130 DAS. The findings of this study suggest that remote sensing evaluation is suitable for estimating ‘Del Cerro’ cotton yield in infrared (IR) bands, providing a tool for germplasm evaluation that can influence decision-making and better conservation strategies.
Agronomic and nutritional evaluation of INIA 910—Kumymarca ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.): An alternative for sustainable forage production in department of Amazonas (NW Peru)
(MDPI, 2025-01-01) Vásquez, Héctor V.; Valqui, Leandro; Bobadilla, Leidy G.; Meseth Macchiavello, Enrique; Trigoso, Milton J.; Zagaceta, Luis H.; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Saravia Navarro, David; Barboza, Elgar; Maicelo, Jorge L.
Grassland ecosystems cover about 25% of the Earth’s surface, providing essential ecosystem services that benefit nature, people, and food security. This study evaluated agronomic and nutritional parameters of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) based on fertilization levels and cutting frequency in the Amazonas department. The INIA 910—Kumymarca variety was used with nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 60, 120, 180 kg/ha) and cutting intervals of 30 and 45 days for agronomic traits and 30, 45, and 60 days for nutritional traits. A randomized complete block design with eight treatments and three replications was applied. Repeated measures analysis and Tukey’s mean comparison tests (p < 0.005) were performed, along with Pearson correlation and response surface analysis using the central composite design in R. The results showed that applying 180 kg/ha of nitrogen with a 45-day cutting interval provided the highest dry matter yield (460 kg/m2 ) and superior agronomic traits, including plant height (96.73 cm), number of tillers, and stem diameter. Non-fertilized treatments had the highest crude protein content (17.45%) and digestibility, while higher nitrogen doses increased crude fiber and acid detergent fiber, reducing digestibility. Significant correlations were observed between fresh and dry weight with plant height (p = 0.000; r = 0.84), fiber contents (p = 0.000; r = 1), and ash and protein content (p = 0.000; r = 0.85). The optimal management practice was cutting every 45 days with 180 kg/ha of nitrogen (T8), maximizing forage yield and quality. Proper fertilization and cutting management can improve ryegrass production, benefiting livestock feeding and rural economies.
Global perspectives on the biodegradation of LDPE in agricultural systems
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-01-06) Mendoza Merino, Jani Elisabet; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Chuquibala Checan , Beimer; Atalaya Marin , Nilton; Taboada Mitma , Victor Hugo; Tafur Culqui , Josué; Tarrillo Julca , Ever; Gómez Fernández , Darwin; Goñas Goñas , Malluri; Reyes Reyes, María Andrea
The increasing use of plastics globally has generated serious environmental and human health problems, particularly in the agricultural sector where low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and other plastics are widely used. Due to its low recycling rate and slow degradation process, LDPE is a major source of pollution. This paper addresses the problem of plastic accumulation in agriculture, focusing on LDPE biodegradation strategies. The studies reviewed include recent data and the methodologies used include state-of-the-art technologies and others that have been used for decades, to monitor and measure the degree of biodegradation that each treatment applied can have, including SEM, GCMS, HPLC, and microscopy. The countries investigating these biodegradation methodologies are identified, and while some countries have been developing them for some years, others have only begun to address this problem in recent years. The use of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and insect larvae that influence its decomposition is highlighted. A workflow is proposed to carry out this type of research. Despite the advances, challenges remain, such as optimizing environmental conditions to accelerate the process and the need for further research that delves into microbial interactions in various environmental contexts.
Complete mitogenome, phylogenetic and SNP-data analysis of jakumaru (Bos taurus), a prime bull from a Peruvian breeding core herd
(Unique Scientific Publishers, 2025-01-22) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; León Trinidad, Silvia Eliana; Casanova Nuñez Melgar, David pavel; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Arbizu, Carlos I.
This study provides a comprehensive mitochondrial genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of Jakumaru (Bos taurus), a prominent bull from a Peruvian breeding program. The mitochondrial genome, spanning 16,340bp, comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, with a GC content of 40%. The gene arrangement and structural organization are highly conserved, closely resembling those of related Bovine species, indicating a stable genomic architecture essential for mitochondrial function. Phylogenetic analysis, incorporating 35 complete bovine mitochondrial genomes, positions Jakumaru within Subclade I, revealing a close relationship with European Simmental cattle. The study emphasizes the biological diversity and the evolution of the Simmental breed, influenced by natural selection, breeding practices, and genetic drift. These findings enhance our understanding of the breed's genetic variation and its evolution, particularly in the context of its importance in Peru
Soil management in Lepidium meyenii (maca) monoculture: trends and challenges for small farmers around Lake Chinchaycocha in the Andean highlands of Junin (Peru)
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-01-17) Solórzano Acosta, Richard; Chanco, Mirella; Seminario, Martín; Camel Paucar, Vladimir Fernando; Cabello Torres, Rita; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel Luciano; Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Verástegui Martínez, Patricia; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Carbajal Llosa, Carlos Miguel; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Turín Canchaya, Cecilia Claudia
Introduction: Monoculture is a significant concern due to its negative impact on soil quality, resource productivity, and agricultural sustainability, particularly in vulnerable communities. This research aims to evaluate high Andean soil management for maca monoculture. Materials and methods: To this end, interviews were conducted with maca farmers adjacent to Lake Chinchaycocha. The effect on soil quality was evaluated based on principal component analysis (PCA), weighted soil quality index (SQIw), and physico-chemical characteristics. Results: The results indicated differences between farmers in agronomic management, monoculture period (from 5 to 9 years), and fallow time (up to 10 years in the best cases). Regarding soil quality, the PCA highlighted boron andtotal nitrogen locations in the same quadrant, with the highest contribution to the analysis. Finally, the SQIw showed that soils without maca cultivation presented better quality. Conclusion: This research’s results indicate a need to optimize soil management practices, especially for small farmers, who are the most vulnerable group. In addition, further studies on boron and nitrogen availability in soils cultivated with maca are required, emphasizing areas that exceed 10 years of continuous use.
Emergence, growth, and quality of Calycophyllum spruceanum plants produced in different containers and substrates
(John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2024-12-29) Guerra Arévalo, Wilson Francisco; Cercado Delgado, José Roy; Espinoza García, Héctor Francisco; Ucañay Ayllon, Tatiana Mildred; García Soria, Diego Gonzalo; Abanto Rodríguez, Carlos; del Castillo Torres, Dennis; Freitas Alvarado, Luis Ernesto; Díaz Soria, Rossana; Guerra Arévalo, Héctor
The growing demand for Calycophyllum spruceanum is causing strong pressure on natural populations due to anthropogenic activities. For this reason, it is urgent to develop propagation technologies and production of plants for reforestation activities and establishment of forest plantations for their use and conservation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different substrates and containers on the emergence and growth of C. spruceanum. For this purpose, two experiments were conducted. In the first, four substrates were tested to evaluate seedling emergence, while in the second, the growth and quality of plants in different containers and substrates were determined. The maximum emergence values of 62.3%, emergency speed index (ESI) of 2.2, and mean emergence time of 29.9 were determined using a combination of carbonized rice husk (CRH), chicken manure, and decomposed sawdust in a 1:1:1 ratio. The combination of the plastic bag container with CRH and poultry manure in a 1:1 ratio. Substrate gave the best results for total dry biomass (27.40), lignification index (0.19), robustness index (5.56), and Dickson’s quality index (3.26). Therefore, the use of CRH, poultry manure, and decomposed sawdust in a 1:1:1 ratio is recommended for seedling emergence. Similarly, the use of a plastic bag-type container and the substrate CRH and chicken manure in a 1:1 ratio is recommended for the production of C. spruceanum plants.
Impacts of land use on soil erosion: RUSLE analysis in a sub-basin of the Peruvian Amazon (2016–2022)
(MDPI, 2025-01-06) Asencio Sanchez, Moises Leonardo; Padilla Castro, Cesar; Riveros Lizana, Chistian Alonso; Hermoza Espezúa, Rosa María; Solórzano Acosta, Richard
The Peruvian Amazon faces an increasing threat of soil erosion, driven by unsustainable agricultural practices and accelerated deforestation. In Neshuya (Ucayali region), agricultural activity has intensified since 2014, but the effect on soil erosion is unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the increase in erosion levels, at a subbasin of the central–eastern Amazon of Peru, in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model was used for assessing the effect of vegetation cover change from 2016 to 2022. In the Neshuya sub-basin (973.4 km2 ), the average erosion increased from 3.87 to 4.55 t ha−1 year−1 , on average. In addition, there is great spatial variability in the values. In addition, 7.65% of the study area (74.52 km2 ) exceeds the soil loss tolerance limit (15 t ha−1 year−1 ). The deforestation rate was 17.99 km2 year−1 and by 2022 the forested area reached 237.65 km2 . In conclusion, the transition from forest to farmland was related to the most critical erosion values. Unsustainable soil management practices can be the underlying explanation of changes in soil chemical and physical properties. Also, social dynamic changes and differences in landscape patterns play a role.
Biochar-amended soils: A water-saving strategy for quinoa cultivation in the Andes
(John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2024-12-30) Condori Ataupillco, Tatiana; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Quispe Rodriguez, Juan; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Velásquez Mantari, José; Solorzano Acosta, Richard
Previous studies showed that biochar amended soils significantly enhanced the growth and yield of quinoa under water limitations. So it becomes an emerging agronomic strategy to consider for sustainable quinoa production. Biochar can specifically be considered for the area particularly receiving low annual rainfall and more vulnerable to current climate change conditions
MultiProduct Optimization of Cedrelinga cateniformis (Ducke) Ducke in Different Plantation Systems in the Peruvian Amazon
(MDPI, 2025-01-16) Baselly-Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Fernández-Sandoval, Andrés; Salazar-Hinostroza, Evelin Judith; Cárdenas-Rengifo, Gloria Patricia; Puerta, Ronald; Chuquizuta Trigoso, Tony Steven; Rufasto-Peralta, Yennifer Lisbeth; Vallejos-Torres, Geomar; Goycochea Casas, Gianmarco; Araújo Junior, Carlos Alberto; Quiñónez-Barraza, Gerónimo; Álvarez-Álvarez, Pedro; Garcia Leite, Helio
This study addressed multi-product optimization in Cedrelinga cateniformis plantations in the Peruvian Amazon, aiming to maximize volumetric yields of logs and sawn lumber. Data from seven plantations of different ages and types, established on degraded land, were analyzed by using ten stem profile models to predict taper and optimize wood use. In addition, the structure of each plantation was evaluated using diameter distributions and height–diameter ratios; log and sawn timber production was optimized using SigmaE 2.0 software. The Garay model proved most effective, providing high predictive accuracy (adjusted R2 values up to 0.963) and biological realism. Marked differences in volumetric yield were observed between plantations: older and more widely spaced plantations produced higher timber volumes. Logs of optimal length (1.83–3.05 m) and larger dimension wood (e.g., 25.40 × 5.08 cm) were identified as key contributors to maximizing volumetric yields. The highest yields were observed in mature plantations, in which the total log volume reached 508.1 m3ha−1 and the sawn lumber volume 333.6 m3ha−1 . The findings demonstrate the power of data-driven decision-making in the timber industry. By combining precise modeling and optimization techniques, we developed a framework that enables sawmill operators to maximize log and lumber yields. The insights gained from this research can be used to improve operational efficiency and reduce waste, ultimately leading to increased profitability. These practices promote support for smallholders and the forestry industry while contributing to the long-term development of the Peruvian Amazon.
Crecimiento del “shihuahuaco” Dipteryx ferrea (Ducke) Ducke en plantaciones bajo diferentes espaciamientos y tipos de suelo en Ucayali, Amazonía peruana
(Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, 2025-01-10) Flores, Ymber
Se presentan los resultados de los ensayos experimentales con Dipteryx ferrea (Ducke) Ducke, especie forestal conocida como “shihuahuaco”, establecidas bajo cuatro sistemas forestales y agroforestales diferentes en el Centro Experimental Alexander von Humboldt, Ucayali, a una altitud de 225 m.s.n.m, diferenciados por el arreglo espacial implementado, el espaciamiento inicial y tipo de suelo, y con 11 años de edad. Se obtuvieron mediciones de la altura total, el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP), el área basal y el volumen maderable de las plantaciones. Los resultados muestran el potencial de D. ferrea en términos de crecimiento, supervivencia y productividad en las plantaciones a campo abierto puras y mixtas. El sistema 1, en suelo Plinthic acrisol, fisiografía plana y distanciamiento de 5 × 5 m, presenta el más alto valor de DAP promedio, altura total promedio y altura dominante, con 20.23 cm, 13.9 m y 16.8 m respectivamente. Estos resultados son estadísticamente superiores (p < 0.05) a los de otras plantaciones analizadas y muestran un rendimiento prometedor. En productividad, el sistema 3, en suelo Plinthic gleysol, fisiografía plana y distanciamiento de 2 × 2 m, presenta el más alto valor de área basal y volumen de madera rolliza con 38.40 m2/ha y 243.3 m3/ha respectivamente, muy superior estadísticamente a los otros sistemas, pero muy influido también por la alta densidad de la plantación. Estos hallazgos sugieren perspectivas alentadoras para el establecimiento de plantaciones de D. ferrea en plantaciones forestales.
Sex-induced changes in microbial eukaryotes and prokaryotes in gastrointestinal tract of simmental cattle
(MDPI, 2024-11-15) Rojas Cruz, Diorman; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Coila, Pedro; Alvarado, Wigoberto; Cayo Colca, Ilse S.
This study investigates gender-based differences in the gut microbiota of Simmental cattle, focusing on bacterial, archaeal, and fungal communities. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, with taxonomic classification performed through the SILVA and UNITE databases. Alpha and beta diversity metrics were assessed, revealing significant differences in the diversity and composition of archaeal communities between males and females. Notably, females exhibited higher alpha diversity in archaea, while beta diversity analyses indicated distinct clustering of bacterial and archaeal communities by gender. The study also identified correlations between specific microbial taxa and hematological parameters, with Treponema and Methanosphaera showing gender-specific associations that may influence cattle health and productivity. These findings highlight the importance of considering gender in microbiota-related research and suggest that gender-specific management strategies could optimize livestock performance. Future research should explore the role of sex hormones in shaping these microbial differences.
Changes in gut microbiota in peruvian cattle genetic nucleus by breed and correlations with beef quality
(MDPI, 2024-11-29) Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Rojas Cruz, Diorman; Mamani Chullo, Rolando; Hañari Quispe, Renán Dilton; Aliaga, Mery; Galindo, Walter; Vásquez, Héctor V.; Maicelo, Jorge L.; Arbizu, Carlos I.
This study evaluated the gut microbiota and meat quality traits in 11 healthy female cattle from the Huaral region of Peru, including 5 Angus, 3 Braunvieh, and 3 F1 Simmental × Braunvieh. All cattle were 18 months old and maintained on a consistent lifelong diet. Meat quality traits, including loin area, fat thickness, muscle depth, and marbling, were assessed in vivo using ultrasonography. Fecal samples were collected for microbiota analysis, and DNA was extracted for 16S and 18S rRNA sequencing to characterize bacterial, fungal, and protist communities. Significant correlations were observed between microbial genera and meat traits: Christensenellaceae R-7 and Alistipes were positively associated with marbling and muscle area, while Rikenellaceae RC9 showed a negative correlation with fat thickness. Among fungi, Candida positively correlated with marbling, while Trichosporon was negatively associated with muscle depth. For protists, Entodinium negatively correlated with fat thickness and marbling. Alpha diversity varied by breed, with Angus showing greater bacterial diversity, and beta diversity analyses indicated a strong breed influence on microbial composition. These findings suggest that microbial composition, shaped by breed and dietary consistency, could serve as an indicator of meat quality, offering insights into gut microbiota’s role in optimizing cattle production.
Development and application of microsatellite markers for genetic diversity assessment and construction of a core collection of Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mcvaugh germplasm from the peruvian Amazon
(MDPI, 2024-10-25) Castro, Juan C.; Vasquez Guizado, Stalin J.; Vigil, Bianca E.; Ascue, Francisco; Rojas Villa, Naysha; Paredes, Jae D.; Cobos, Marianela; Castro, Carlos G.; Motta, Daniel E.; Adrianzén, Pedro M.; Imán Correa, Sixto Alfredo; Maddox, J. Dylan
The Amazonian shrub Myrciaria dubia (camu-camu) produces vitamin C-rich fruits of growing commercial interest. However, sustainable utilization requires assessment and protection of the genetic diversity of the available germplasm. This study aimed to develop and apply microsatellite markers to assess genetic diversity and construct a core collection of M. dubia germplasm from the Peruvian Amazon. Sixteen polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed using an enrichment approach. The evaluation of 336 genotypes from 43 accessions of the germplasm bank, originating from eight river basins, was conducted using these newly developed markers. Genetic diversity parameters, including observed and expected heterozygosity, were calculated. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed to assess the distribution of genetic variation within and among accessions and river basins. Bayesian clustering analysis was employed to infer population structure. A core collection was constructed to maximize allelic richness. High genetic diversity was observed, with heterozygosity values ranging from 0.468 to 0.644 (observed) and 0.684 to 0.817 (expected) at the river basin level. AMOVA indicated significant genetic variation within (73–86%) compared to among (14–27%) accessions and river basins. Bayesian clustering detected ten genetic clusters, with several degrees of admixture among river basins, except for the genetically homogeneous Putumayo River basin. A core collection comprising 84 plant genotypes (25% of the full collection) was established, representing 90.82% of the overall allelic diversity. These results have important implications for M. dubia conservation strategies and breeding programs, in demonstrating a need for genetic connectivity between populations but preserving unique genetic resources in isolated basins. These results validate the expected levels of diversity and population subdivision in a crop and stress the need to secure genetically diverse germplasms, underscoring the importance of thorough genetic characterization for ex situ germplasm management.
Comparación de características testiculares mediante ultrasonografía B mode y Doppler en alpacas (Vicugna pacos) tui y adultos
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, 2024-10-31) Pérez Durand, Manuel G.; Quispe Barriga, Yesenia M.; Mamani Macedo, Edilberto; Gandarillas Espezúa, Daniel; Luque Mamani, Natalio; Medina Suca, Guido; Mamani Cato, Rubén Herberht; Perez Guerra, Uri H.
El objetivo de estudio fue comparar las características testiculares mediante la ultrasonografía B mode y Doppler en alpacas tui y adultos. El estudio fue realizado en el Centro Experimental Chuquibambilla de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Perú, durante la época reproductiva (marzo). Se utilizaron 15 tui machos (G1) de 12 a 14 meses de edad y 14 adultos (G2) de 24 a 36 meses. Se evaluaron las características ultrasonográficas B mode (largo [mm], ancho [mm], área [cm2] y volumen testicular [cm3]) y Doppler (índice de resistencia [IR], índice de pulsatibidad [IP] y área vascular testicular [AVT]) con un equipo Draminski 4Vet® y un transductor micro convexo y lineal con una frecuencia de 9 MHz. Lo datos fueron analizados mediante un diseño factorial de 2x2. El largo, ancho, volumen y área testicular dentro de cada grupo etario no presentó diferencias significativas entre el testículo derecho e izquierdo; sin embargo, las medidas de las alpacas adultos fueron significativamente mayores que en las tuis (p<0.05). El IR fue similar en ambos grupos etarios, pero el AVT fue superior en los tuis en comparación con los adultos.
Intake and digestibility of four rations with different fiber levels in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
(Springer Nature, 2024-10-01) Obregón Cruz, Ana B.; Gómez, Carlos A.; Osorio Zavala, Cesar Mauro; Van Saun, Robert J.
The aim of this study was to evaluated the impact of different fibre levels in alpaca diet on voluntary feed intake and apparent digestibility, and to estimate the digestibility of organic matter (OMD) from the content of crude protein (CP) in feces. The study was carried out with twelve alpacas (36.7 ± 6.4 kg body weight- BW), which were offered 4 treatments with different neutral detergent fiber content (NDF. T1: 40.3%; T2: 62%; T3: 68%; T4: 72%) under a switch back design. Absolute daily dry matter intake (DMI) was higher for T1 (678 g/d) than T4 (312 g/d) (p ≥ 005). NDF intake was similar between treatments when related to BW or MW (on average 1% BW and 22 g/kg MW. p ≥ 0.05). Water intake (L/kg DMI) was higher in T1 compared to the other treatments, with values ranging from 2.9 L/kg DMI(T1) to 2.8 L/kg DMI(T4), respectively (p ≤ 0.05). Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and CP was higher in T1 than in the other treatments, with average values ranging from 72% for T1 to 32% for T4 (p ≤ 0.05). NDF digestibility was similar among treatments (p ≥ 0.05). The regression equation generated to predict OMD (y) was as follows: y = 0.360 + 0.08294*fecal CP (g/kg OM). Further studies will indicate whether faecal nitrogen can be used to estimate digestibility and hence diet quality in South American camelids.
Cloud computing application for the analysis of land use and land cover changes in dry forests of Peru
(International Information and Engineering Technology Association (IIETA), 2024-09-30) Barboza, Elgar; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Gálvez Paucar, David; Valqui Valqui, Lamberto; Valqui, Leandro; Zagaceta, Luis H.; Gonzales, Jhony; Vásquez, Héctor V.; Arbizu, Carlos I.
Dry forests are ecosystems of great importance worldwide, but in recent decades they have been affected by climate change and changes in land use. In this study, we evaluated land use and land cover changes (LULC) in dry forests in Peru between 2017 and 2021 using Sentinel-2 images, and cloud processing with Machine Learning (ML) models. The results reported a mapping with accuracies above 85% with an increase in bare soil, urban areas and open dry forest, and reduction in the area of crops and dense dry forest. Protected natural areas lost 2.47% of their conserved surface area and the areas with the greatest degree of land use impact are located in the center and north of the study area. The study provides information that can help in the management of dry forests in northern Peru.

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