Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Vis-NIR spectroscopy and machine learning for prediction of soil fertility indicators and fertilizer recommendation in Andean highland and rainforest agroecosystems
(MDPI, 2026-04-26) Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Contreras Pino, Duglas Lenin; Ñaupari, Javier; Cano, Deyvis; Patricio Rosales , Solanch Rosy; Loayza, Hildo; Apolo Apolo, Orly Enrique
This study evaluated the use of visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict soil fertility-related properties in two contrasting agroecological regions of Peru: the Highlands and the Rainforest. A total of 297 soil samples were analyzed using portable spectroradiometers covering a spectral range of 350–2500 nm, applying transformations such as Savitzky–Golay smoothing, first derivative, and band depth. Predictive models were developed using PLSR, Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, and neural networks. Results show variable predictive performance across soil properties and ecosystems. Organic matter in Highland soils and calcium in Rainforest soils achieved the strongest test-set accuracy (R2 > 0.70), while pH and texture fractions showed moderate performance (R2 = 0.42–0.67), and mobile nutrients including phosphorus, potassium, and sodium showed limited predictive accuracy due to their weak spectral expression. Spectral predictions were further integrated into a structured nutrient balance framework to assess agronomic reliability. Nitrogen fertilizer recommendations showed the strongest agreement between observed and predicted values across both ecosystems, whereas K2O and CaO recommendations in Highland soils were substantially underestimated, demonstrating that property-level statistical performance does not guarantee agronomic reliability. These findings confirm that Vis-NIR spectroscopy combined with ML represents a fast, cost-effective, and sustainable alternative to conventional soil analysis, especially in rural areas with limited laboratory infrastructure. Expanding regional calibration datasets and exploring mid-infrared FTIR spectroscopy as a complementary technology are identified as priority directions for improving predictions of agronomically critical nutrients.
Indirect monitoring of heterogeneous tropical agroforestry systems using active and passive remote sensing
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-03-11) Sánchez Fuentes, Teiser; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Oblitas Troyes, Jhon Franklin; Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Tafur Culqui, Josué; Quichua Baldeon, Rosalia; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Atalaya Marin, Nilton
Monitoring agroforestry systems remains challenging due to canopy heterogeneity and the coexistence of species with contrasting dynamics. While field-based methods offer high accuracy, they are inefficient for rapid and multitemporal structural assessments. This study integrated LiDAR and multispectral data collected using a Matrice 350 RTK equipped with a Zenmuse L2 sensor and a RedEdge-P camera. Raw LiDAR data were processed in DJI Terra v4.1 and subsequently pre-processed and corrected in TerraSolid v23.011, whereas multispectral products were generated in Agisoft Metashape Professional v2.2.1. The derived metrics indicated greater growth in System A, driven by fast-growing species, whereas System B showed an overall reduction with slight increases in the upper percentiles. In addition, MSAVI and MTVI2 were sensitive to canopy structure, while GNDVI and NDRE responded to foliage content. The agreement analysis revealed a slight bias (0.09 m) toward height overestimation by LiDAR compared to the hypsometer, with no apparent proportional error. This approach provides a replicable framework for multitemporal monitoring of structural and physiological changes in tropical vegetation, with potential for regional scaling and application in sustainable forest system management.
Soil spatial variability in high-yield Peruvian Amazon coffee: a geostatistical approach for precision fertilization
(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-12-18) Mejía Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Rengifo Sánchez, Raihil Rabindranath; Mercado Chinchay, Ruth Lizbeth; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Fertilization practices in coffee plantations often overlook the spatial variability of soils, particularly in mountainous regions with acidic conditions. Although geostatistics has been used to map nutrient distributions, its integration with multivariate analysis to identify differentiated fertilization zones in coffee systems remains limited. This study evaluated the influence of soil properties, altitude, and crop age on coffee yield by combining principal component analysis (PCA) and ordinary kriging to design site-specific fertilization strategies. A total of 70 soil samples were collected from three districts of the Peruvian high jungle (San Martín and Amazonas), measuring physical and chemical properties, altitude, and crop age. The following analyses were applied: (1) Spearman correlations to assess associations with yield, (2) PCA to identify fertility gradients, and (3) geostatistical models with cross-validation. The PCA identified two main gradients: PC1 (32.41% of variance) associated with cation exchange capacity (CEC) and organic matter, and PC2 (17.88%) associated with the availability of K and P and crop age. Cross-validation confirmed high accuracy in the spatial prediction of available P and K across the three study areas. Kriging maps revealed zones with high available K (>150 mg kg⁻¹) and P (>20 mg kg⁻¹) associated with yields >1.5 t ha⁻¹. The integration of PCA and geostatistics enabled the delineation of management zones with differentiated nutrient requirements, reducing fertilization needs by up to 30% in areas with high fertility potential (e.g., Alto Saposoa). Overall, the results provide a solid methodological basis for implementing precision fertilization strategies in tropical coffee systems, promoting more efficient nutrient use and greater production sustainability.
Antagonistic interaction between zinc and cadmium in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L. var. CCN-51) seedlings amended with rock phosphate
(Frontiers Media SA, 2026-02-12) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Malca Quezada, María Esmilda; Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Huamaní Yupanqui , Hugo Alfredo; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Martínez Zapata, Boris Guillermo
Introduction: In the San Martın region, several studies have reported Cd concentrations in surface soils approaching the upper limit (UL), with mean values ranging from 0.27 to 1.351 mg·kg- ¹. Methods: Cadmium (Cd) transfer to Theobroma cacao (CCN-51) seedlings was evaluated under 12 factorial combinations of phosphate rock (RFP) and foliar zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) applications, using relative uptake (foliar Cd/soil Cd) as the primary response variable. Results: The treatment showing the highest Cd uptake was T4, defined as RFP = 0 mg·kg-1 and ZnSO4 = 527.80 mg·plant-1, with a value of 53.12. The observed range in relative uptake was 33.08 units, indicating substantial variation among management combinations. At the factor-level analysis, the high RFP treatment (114.55 mg·kg- ¹) was associated with an average reduction of approximately 26.5% in relative uptake and lower within-group variability compared to the 0 mg·kg- ¹ level. Interaction plots indicated that the effect of ZnSO4 on nutrient uptake depended on RFP level, with a descending response profile at high RFP concentrations. In parallel, soil correlation analyses identified available phosphorus and pH as the principal modulators of Cd transfer from soil to plant. Leaf-level principal component analysis showed that Zn and K were projected in the opposite direction to P2O5 and Cd, consistent with an ionic balance mechanism regulating Cd accumulation, and achieved an overall classification accuracy of approximately 81%, thereby confirming multivariate separability among treatments. Discussion: Collectively, these integrated results support identifying T4 as the treatment with the highest Cd uptake within the evaluated set. Accordingly, the presence of Zn²+–Cd²+ antagonism can be asserted; however, its expression is strongly influenced by soil pH and, most critically, by the availability of phosphorus derived from RFP.
Calidad fisiológica de las semillas de Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC en función del contenido de humedad y tratamientos pregerminativos
(Universidad Central del Ecuador (UCE) — Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2026-04-17) Lorenzo Quispe, Jhojana Marilia; Carrillo Castillo, Fredesvinda; Rucabado Miranda, Ana Laura; Borjas Ventura, Ricardo
Conocer la calidad fisiológica de las semillas y el control de la germinación contribuye significativamente en el uso y conservación de especies nativas. Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC, es importante por su valor nutricional en Perú; sin embargo, uno de los problemas que presenta esta especie es la latencia de su semilla. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia del contenido de humedad de la semilla y siete tratamientos pregerminativos, sobre la calidad fisiológica de las semillas almacenadas durante seis años a 10 °C y 50% de humedad relativa. El estudio se realizó en un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial, evaluando dos contenidos de humedad de semilla (8 y 9%) y siete tratamientos pregerminativos (GA3 200 ppm 24 h⁻¹, GA3 400 ppm 24 h⁻¹, KNO3 2,5% 24 h⁻¹, KNO3 1,5% 24 h⁻¹, escarificación mecánica, agua caliente a 70 °C 5 minutos⁻¹, y testigo). Los ANOVA se efectuaron a un nivel de significancia del 5% empleando la prueba de medias de Tukey (α = 0,05). Los resultados mostraron que los factores "Contenido de humedad" y "Tratamientos pregerminativos" afectaron significativamente la germinación, siendo la escarificación mecánica y GA3 a 200 ppm los que promovieron la mayor germinación (hasta 80%). En contraste, el KNO3 y el agua caliente presentaron altos porcentajes de semillas no germinadas, además que, la aplicación de GA3 a 400 ppm presentó oxidación de los cotiledones. En este sentido, el almacenamiento de semillas de V. pubescens a una humedad de 9% mantiene su viabilidad y mejora su respuesta a los tratamientos pregerminativos, como una alternativa para la conservación ex situ, asegurando la preservación y utilidad sostenible de esta especie.
Evaluación del rendimiento de diez variedades de trigo harinero en cultivo de secano en dos ambientes de Cusco - Perú, 2019-2020
(Asociación Latinoamericana para el Avance de la Ciencia (ALAC), 2026-04-14) Cuba Mellano, Gloria; Álvarez Cáceres, Aquilino; Céspedes Flores, Elizabeth; Estrada Zuñiga, Rigoberto
La investigación evaluó la influencia del secano y la variabilidad climática en el rendimiento de diez variedades de trigo harinero (Triticum aestivum L.) en los distritos de Taray y Zurite, Cusco, empleando un diseño de bloques completos al azar durante la campaña 2019-2020. El análisis climatológico identificó un déficit hídrico del 15.6% y un descenso significativo de las temperaturas mínimas en Zurite (p = 0.0006), con una reducción de la temperatura de 2.58 °C respecto al promedio histórico durante el ciclo del cultivo. En estas condiciones de estrés térmico, Zurite alcanzó un rendimiento promedio superior (6.24 t/ha) frente a Taray (4.08 t/ha), confirmándose una interacción genotipo-ambiente altamente significativa (p = 0.0005). La variedad INIA 434 Espiga Misha destacó como la más productiva, alcanzando 7.197 t/ha en Zurite, mientras que INIA 418 El Nazareno mostró mayor estabilidad en el ambiente restrictivo de Taray con 4.86 t/ha. El rendimiento de grano presentó correlaciones positivas y altamente significativas con los días a madurez (r = 0.62) y la altura de planta (r = 0.44). Se concluye que el uso de genotipos con ciclos de desarrollo prolongados permite maximizar la productividad al capitalizar los recursos disponibles ante la variabilidad térmica e hídrica de la región.
The effects of the inoculation of bacterial microorganisms (Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp.) on soil quality, aerial biomass and nutritional quality of native grasses under field conditions in the Peruvian highlands
(Soil Science Society of Poland, 2026-04-15) Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Verástegui Martínez, Patricia; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Peruvian highland ecosystems cover approximately 22 million hectares and provide key ecosystem services that support human well-being and food security. Soil functioning in these ecosystems largely depends on the activity of microbial communities. This study evaluated the effects of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. inoculation on soil chemical properties, aerial biomass production, and nutritional quality of Festuca dolichophylla, Jarava ichu and Cinnagrostis vicunarum. A field experiment was conducted at 4379 m a.s.l. in the central Peruvian highlands. Bacterial inoculation increased soil organic matter and nitrogen availability in plots dominated by J. ichu and F. dolichophylla inoculated with Bacillus sp., compared to non-inoculated controls. Higher soil phosphorus content was observed in C. vicunarum pastures inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. In terms of biomass production, significant increases were recorded in C. vicunarum under both bacterial inoculations and in F. dolichophylla associated with Bacillus sp., while J. ichu showed higher yields with Pseudomonas sp. In addition, bacterial inoculation improved forage nutritional quality, particularly total protein, calcium, and phosphorus contents in J. ichu, highlighting species-specific plant–microorganism interactions. Overall, the inoculation of beneficial bacteria represents a promising and environmentally sustainable strategy to improve soil quality, forage productivity, and nutritional value in native highland grasslands, contributing to more resilient rangeland systems and the conservation of ecosystem services.
Mapping current and future coffee suitability in Peru under climate change: implications for restoration and deforestation-free development
(Frontiers Media S.A, 2026-04-20) Zabaleta Santisteban, Jhon A.; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; Silva López, Jhonsy O.; Medina Medina, Angel J.; Tuesta Trauco, Katerin M.; Rivera Fernandez, Abner S.; Silva Melendez, Teodoro B.; Grandez Alberca, Marlen A.; Puscan Rojas, Julio; Salas López, Rolando; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Cotrina Sanchez, Alexander; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Barboza, Elgar
Coffee cultivation is central to rural livelihoods and Andean–Amazonian landscapes in Peru; however, it faces increasing pressure from climate change and land-use restrictions. This study aimed to assess the current and future ecological suitability of Coffea arabica at the national scale. A Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modeling framework was applied, integrating high-resolution bioclimatic, topographic, and edaphic variables. Model performance was robust (mean AUC = 0.858), and variable importance was evaluated using jackknife tests and contribution metrics. Elevation, precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17), soil nitrogen content, and bulk density were identified as the main determinants of habitat suitability. Under current climatic conditions, highly suitable areas cover 42,322.95 km2 (3.3% of Peru), mainly along the eastern Andean slopes. Spatial exclusion scenarios revealed a pronounced funnel effect in effective land availability, with reductions exceeding 80% when forest-cover constraints were applied. Approximately 39.8% of highly suitable areas overlap with degraded lands, highlighting opportunities for productive restoration through agroforestry systems. Future projections under SSP1–2.6 to SSP5–8.5 scenarios indicate consistent contractions of highly suitable areas (–23% to –42%) and an upslope shift toward higher elevations, while unsuitable areas expand by 4%–5% nationally. These findings provide spatially explicit evidence to support climate-smart territorial planning, restoration prioritization, and sustainable coffee development under accelerating climate change.
Spatial analysis of soil acidity and available phosphorus in coffee-growing areas of Pichanaqui: Implications for liming and site-specific fertilization
(MDPI, 2025-07-28) Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Mejia Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Ottos Díaz, Elvis; Arce, Andrés; Solórzano Acosta, Richard
Soil acidity is one of the main limiting factors for coffee production in Peruvian rainforests. The objective of this study is to predict the spatial acidity variability for recommending site-specific liming and phosphorus fertilization treatments. We analyzed thirty-six edaphoclimatic variables, eight methods for estimating liming doses, and three geospatial variables from 552 soil samples in the Pichanaqui district of Peru. Multivariate statistics, nonparametric comparison, and geostatistical analysis with Ordinary Kriging interpolation were used for data analysis. The results showed low coffee yields (0.70 ± 0.16 t ha⁻¹) due to soil acidification. The interquartile ranges (IQR) were found to be 3.80–5.10 for pH, 0.21–0.87 cmol Kg⁻¹ for Al⁺³, and 2.55–6.53 mg Kg⁻¹ for available P, which are limiting soil conditions for coffee plantations. Moreover, pH, Al⁺³, Ca⁺², and organic matter (OM) were the variables with the highest accuracy and quality in the spatial prediction of soil acidity (R² between 0.77 and 0.85). The estimation method of liming requirements, MPM (integration of pH and organic material method), obtained the highest correlation with soil acidity-modulating variables and had a high spatial predictability (R² = 0.79), estimating doses between 1.50 and 3.01 t ha⁻¹ in soils with organic matter (OM) > 4.00%. The MAC (potential acidity method) method (R² = 0.59) estimated liming doses between 0.51 and 0.88 t ha⁻¹ in soils with OM < 4.00% and potential acidity greater than 0.71 cmol Kg⁻¹. Regarding phosphorus fertilization (DAP), the results showed high requirements (median = 137.21 kg ha⁻¹, IQR = 8.28 kg ha⁻¹), with high spatial predictability (R² = 0.74). However, coffee plantations on Ferralsols, with Paleogene parental material, mainly in dry forests, had the lowest predicted fertilization requirements (between 6.92 and 77.55 kg ha⁻¹ of DAP). This research shows a moderate spatial variation of acidity, the need to optimize phosphorus fertilization, and an optimal prediction of liming requirements using the MPM and MAC methods, which indicate high requirements in the southwest of the Pichanaqui district.
Morphometric variation and production constraints of Criollo sheep in the high Andes of southern Peru
(MDPI, 2025-08-31) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Guelac Mori, Elias; Pedemonte Cruz, Cristian Wilmer; Chiqui Condori, Katherine Milagros; Montero Pacherres, Javier Klinsmann; Cerdan Ramos, Dilser Alberto; Zúñiga Aranibar, Dayana Milagros
This study aimed to characterize the morphometric traits and production systems of Criollo sheep in the highlands of Caylloma, Arequipa, Peru. A total of 455 sheep were evaluated using a stratified proportional sampling method across the districts of Tisco, San Antonio de Chuca, and Yanque. Morphometric data were collected under standardized conditions, and nine zoometric indices were calculated to assess functional conformation and productive aptitude. Additionally, 52 sheep producers were surveyed to contextualize herd management practices. Results revealed low levels of formal education and limited technical assistance among producers. Sheep farming was primarily sustained by family tradition, with declining flock sizes attributed to pasture scarcity and climatic challenges. Campaign-based sales strategies and rudimentary reproductive management were prevalent. Health practices showed widespread deworming but limited preventive care. Multivariate analysis indicated significant morphometric variation linked to sex, biotype, and dental stage. This integrative approach highlights both the adaptive potential and production constraints of Criollo sheep in high-altitude environments, providing a basis for developing breeding strategies based on morphometric indices.
Predictive modeling of honey yield in rural apiaries: insight from Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
(MDPI, 2025-11-18) Briceño Mendoza, Yander Mavila; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo; Quiñones Huatangari, Lenin; Gaslac Gomez, Jhoyd B.; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel; Cayo Colca, I.S.
Honey production is influenced by multiple factors, including climatic conditions, hive management practices, and harvest scheduling. This study evaluated the predictive capacity of statistical modeling techniques using data mining algorithms (MARS, CHAID, CART, and Exhaustive) and artificial neural network algorithms (Multilayer Perceptron, MLP) to estimate honey yields in apiaries located in northeastern Peru. A structured survey was conducted with sixty-nine beekeepers across nineteen districts in the Chachapoyas province. Variables included beekeeper experience, instruction, hive count, visit frequency, harvest frequency, additional income-generating activities, and geographic location. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, Spearman correlations, and exploratory factor analysis were applied to identify latent structures. A linear mixed-effects model was used to assess the combined influence of predictors on honey production, with district included as a random effect. Results indicated that hive number, beekeeping experience, harvest frequency, and exclusive engagement in apiculture were statistically associated with increased honey yields. The model explained a substantial proportion of variance, supporting the integration of technical and socio-demographic variables in production forecasting. These findings demonstrate the utility of predictive modeling for informing hive management strategies and improving the operational efficiency of small-scale beekeeping systems in Andean regions.
Motility performance of thawed spermatozoa of bulls from the tropics throughout the year
(Animals, 2025-08-21) Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Arbaiza Barnechea, Martín Daniel; Segura Portocarrero, Gleni Tatiana; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo; Bernilla Carrillo, Diana; Depaz Hizo, Benjamín Alberto; Vásquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Diaz Quevedo, Clavel; Quispe Ccasa, Hurley Abel
Under tropical conditions, seasonal variations may also influence the sperm characteristics of Bos indicus. The objective was to evaluate the motility of thawed sperm of bulls from the Peruvian tropics throughout the year. Over 24 months, 129 ejaculates were evaluated based on semen quality and subjected to slow horizontal freezing in 0.5 mL straws. After thawing, the individual, seasonal period, and season effect on motility and kinetic parameters were analyzed using a Sperm Class Analyzer® (Microptic S.L.U., Barcelona, Spain). There was an individual effect on volume, motility, fresh concentration, and kinetic parameters when thawed. In the dry period, higher straight-line velocity (VSL) (p < 0.05) and beat cross frequency (BCF) were found than in the rainy period (p < 0.01). In summer and autumn, there was greater total motility, fast, circular routes, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, VSL, amplitude of lateral displacement of the head, and BCF (p < 0.01). Greater volume and motility were found in winter and spring, but in summer and autumn, greater speed and vigor of movement were obtained in thawed sperm. The variation in annual climate patterns influences the seminal quality of bulls, and its effect needs to be assessed to propose adaptation strategies to climate change in tropical areas.
Genomic characterization of Peruvian Creole goats: insights into population structure and runs of homozygosity
(Animals, 2025-09-02) Corredor Arizapana, Flor Anita; Godoy Padilla, David José; Sessarego Dávila, Emmanuel Alexander; Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Escobar Robledo, Héctor Manuel; Ramírez Antaurco, Máximo Fabricio; Burgos Paz, William; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Mulim, Enrique A.; Rojas de Oliveira, Hinayah
Peruvian Creole goats (PCGs) represent a unique genetic resource shaped by adaptation to diverse environments and traditional breeding practices. In this study, we performed a genomic analysis of six regional populations (Ancash, Ica, Lambayeque, Lima, Piura, and Tumbes) using high-density SNP genotype data. Principal component analysis revealed a moderate genetic structure, with the Ica population showing clear separation and northern populations exhibiting overlap. Runs of homozygosity were predominantly short, and specific regions on chromosome 6 were shared across populations. Inbreeding coefficients were generally low, with Ancash showing the highest values. Linkage disequilibrium decayed rapidly over genetic distance, especially in Piura, indicating higher genetic diversity. Estimates of effective population size revealed decreasing trends across populations, with Piura maintaining the largest recent population size. These findings offer valuable insights into the population structure of Peruvian Creole goats, providing guidance for conservation and sustainable breeding efforts.
Integrated multivariate analysis of morphological and yield traits in native Capsicum chinense ecotypes grown in acidic soils of the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-04-15) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Manrique Gonzales, Luis Fernando; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Cuevas Gimenez, Juan Pablo; Martínez Zapata, Boris Guillermo; Flores Sinti, Geiner; Kerry Tanchiva, Juan Jose; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: The comprehensive characterization of native Capsicum chinense ecotypes represents a strategic priority for genetic improvement, germplasm conservation, and the sustainable use of Amazonian crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological, phenological, and productive variability among 12 ecotypes from the Peruvian Amazon by integrating multivariate análisis and machine learning with soil physicochemical characterization. Methods: The research was conducted on acidic tropical soils with low organic matter content and limited availability of exchangeable bases, conditions representative of degraded Amazonian agroecosystems, which enabled the assessment of soil–plant interactions and their influence on phenotypic expression and crop yield. Results: The results revealed a broad, well-structured range of phenotypic variability, with fruit diameter, fruit length, fruit weight, and seed weight identified as the primary morphological determinants of yield and adaptive capacity under low-fertility soil conditions. Principal component analysis indicated that four components explained more than 70% of the total variance, primarily associated with productivity, fruit morphometry, and phenological traits. Cluster análisis identified groups with high internal consistency, while linear discriminant analysis validated the phenotypic structure, achieving a classification accuracy of 91.8%. The ecotypes JEB-028 and LAG-022 exhibited superior productive performance, whereas BAL-012 and YUR-001 demonstrated greater phenotypic stability under restrictive soil conditions. Discussion: Overall, these findings confirm the strategic value of native Amazonian germplasm and underscore the importance of integrating edaphic diagnostics into genetic selection programs and into strategies for the sustainable management and restoration of degraded agricultural soils in the Amazon.
Climate, carbon, and soil stability: a key link in coffee-growing landscapes of the Peruvian Amazon
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-04-14) Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Hermoza Ayme, Nilton Alexander; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Arroyo Isuiza, Rosa Karen; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: Coffee cultivation in the Central Peruvian Amazon, one of the country's most important production regions, faces increasing challenges from soil degradation and climate change impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the altitudinal gradient on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and soil erodibility (K index) in coffee-growing systems. Methods: Three altitudinal zones were established for sampling (0–20 cm depth): zone 1 (900–1200 m.a.s.l.), zone 2 (1201–1400 m.a.s.l.), and zone 3 (1401–1600 m.a.s.l.). Within these zones, physical and chemical soil properties were analyzed, and SOC and soil erodibility (K index) values were calculated. Results: The results revealed a direct and statistically significant relationship between altitude and carbon sequestration capacity. Zone 3 exhibited the highest SOC (63.19 t·ha⁻¹) and organic matter (OM) content (5.49%), compared with zone 1 (37.56 t·ha⁻¹). This difference is attributable to the climatic conditions at higher elevations, characterized by greater precipitation and lower temperatures. Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that increasing altitude enhances SOC (b = 0.42), which in turn improves the soil structural stability index (SI) (R² = 0.87) and reduces the K index (b = –0.38). Overall, the findings demonstrate that organic carbon acts as a key mediator between topography, soil texture, and susceptibility to erosion. The altitudinal gradient thus represents a major controlling factor influencing the health and structural stability of coffee soils. Discussion: These results highlight the need to implement site-specific soil management practices, emphasizing intensive conservation strategies in low-altitude coffee-growing systems to mitigate accelerated erosion and ensure long-term production sustainability under changing climatic conditions.
Water management in quinoa cultivation: quantification of the water footprint and climate projections in an inter-Andean valley
(Springer, 2026-04-07) Flores Galindo, Fredy; Condori Ataupillco, Leivi Tatiana; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Alarcón Romani, Susan Milagros; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Efficient water management in agriculture is key to the sustainability of crops in inter-Andean valleys (IAV), where water availability is at risk due to climate change (CC). Quinoa, as a strategic crop in these ecosystems, requires a detailed analysis of its water use to optimize its production without compromising water resources. This study quantified the water footprint (WF) (green, blue and grey) of three quinoa varieties (INIA 415 Pasankalla, INIA 420-Negra Collana and INIA 441-Señor del Huerto) harvested in a sandy loam soil in an IAV of Peru. In addition, the trend of the WF in 12 agricultural seasons was evaluated, and future climate scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) were projected to estimate the impact of CC on the crop's water demand towards 2090–2100. The results showed significant differences in water-use efficiency among varieties. INIA 441-Señor del Huerto showed the highest water efficiency, with a 3.20 t ha⁻¹ yield and a low total WF, making it more sustainable under CC conditions. In contrast, INIA 420-Negra Collana had a higher water demand, making it less viable under water-stress scenarios. Climate projections indicate an increase in water demand for quinoa under scenarios of greater radiative forcing, which underscores the need to develop water management strategies. These findings highlight the importance of selecting more efficient varieties for water use and adopting sustainable practices to mitigate the effects of climate change on quinoa production at IAV.
Microbial bio-inoculation effects on the seed germination dynamics and field performance of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under osmotic stress and fertilization in the Amazonas region of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-04-10) Guevara Fernández, Francisco; Casas Niño, Sebastian Antonio; Munoz Salas, Milagros Ninoska; Meza Maicelo, Wagner; Oliva Cruz, Manuel; Lozano Isla, Flavio
Microbial bio-inoculants have been proposed as management tools to enhance crop performance under variable environmental conditions; however, their effectiveness is often influenced by site-specific factors. This study evaluated the effects of bio-inoculation on seed germination and seedling vigor of pea under osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), and its interaction with two fertilization levels (75% and 100% of the recommended dose) under field conditions in the Amazonas region of Peru. Under laboratory conditions, germination percentage remained high across all treatments (93.3–100%) and was not affected by bio-inoculation or osmotic potential; however, osmotic stress altered germination dynamics, increasing mean germination time from 1.85–2.09 days at 0 MPa to 2.26–2.43 days at −0.8 MPa, while germination synchrony and seedling vigor decreased as stress increased. The seedling vigor index reached maximum values at −0.2 MPa (4.47–5.29) and declined at −0.8 MPa (1.50–2.00), and multivariate analyses showed that variation in germination responses was mainly associated with germination timing and vigor rather than seed viability. Under field conditions, no significant effects of fertilization level, microbial bio-inoculation, or their interaction were detected on agronomic traits or yield, although variability between locations was observed; plant height ranged from 38.5–46.3 cm in Lamud and from 100.6–108.3 cm in Molinopampa, while grain yield varied from 698–1846 kg/ha and 8771–9919 kg/ha, respectively. Overall, environmental conditions exerted a stronger influence than microbial bio-inoculation on germination dynamics and field productivity, while the findings provide practical guidance for improving pea production with bio-inoculants and optimized fertilization.
Interacción biológica de la entomofauna en Vigna unguiculata L. asociada a la temperatura y fases fenológicas en un sistema de cultivo orgánico
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2026-03-31) Villegas Navarro, Eduardo Josue; Castillo Carrillo, Pedro S.; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Vásquez Garcia, Cesar Alejandro; Luna Socola, Andy Josué; Purizaga Preciado, Jorge Luis; Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro; Cordova Campos, Jose Stalyn
Vigna unguiculata L. es un cultivo clave para la seguridad alimentaria, sin embargo, su rendimiento se ve afectado por plagas y agroquímicos que perjudican a insectos benéficos. Por ello, estudiar las asociaciones con factores bióticos y abióticos es importante, más aún en sistemas orgánicos. El presente estudio evaluó las interacciones biológicas en la entomofauna de V. unguiculata L. asociada a la temperatura y fases fenológicas en un sistema orgánico establecido en la EEA-Los Cedros del INIA-MIDAGRI (Perú), empleando semillas del cultivar vaina blanca. Se realizaron nueve evaluaciones fragmentadas en las fases vegetativa, de floración y reproductiva durante la fenología del cultivo por 45 días. El muestreo se efectuó en 20 plantas seleccionadas al azar, mediante red entomológica y aspirador manual. La identificación taxonómica se llevó a cabo con claves entomológicas, y los datos fueron analizados mediante pruebas de normalidad (Shapiro-Wilk), correlaciones de Spearman y frecuencias taxonómicas. Se registraron seis órdenes con especies como Toxomerus sp., Ocyptamus dimidiatus, Allograpta sp., Apis mellifera, Spodoptera eridania (polinizador), Zelus sp., Hippodamia convergens, Cycloneda sanguinea, Chrysoperla externa (depredador), especie de la familia Lygaeidae, Sibovia sp., Empoasca kraemeri (plaga), Rupela albina (migratorio y/o visitante), Digonogastra sp. (Parasitoide). Se observó que la entomofauna varió por etapa fenológica del cultivo, siendo Hymenoptera el orden más abundante, seguido de Hemiptera, Diptera y Coleoptera, mientras que Lepidoptera y Neuroptera fueron menos frecuentes. La temperatura promedio fue de 28,2 °C, sin correlaciones significativas con la abundancia de insectos. Se infiere que V. unguiculata L. manejado con un sistema orgánico favorece diversas interacciones biológicas, donde su fenología es un factor determinante en la dinámica de las especies de insectos, mostrando una influencia más significativa que la propia temperatura.
PCR-RFLP in silico del gen 18S rRNA como alternativa para la identificación de nematodos entomopatógenos
(Universidad Nacional de Tumbes, 2026-03-31) Ruiz Polo, Archi Alejandro; Rojas Gonzales, Joel Michel; Castillo Carrillo, Pedro S.; Mogollón Farias, César Augusto; Valladolid Ramos, Milton; Garcia Garcia, Segundo Melecio; Cornejo Hidalgo, Rosa Esmelda; Vasquez Garcia, Cesar Alejandro; Cordova Campos, Jose Stalyn
En países en vías de desarrollo, el acceso a tecnologías modernas para el control de plagas es restringido, lo que plantea la necesidad de innovar en métodos y/o técnicas alternativas que sean más accesibles. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la PCR-RFLP in silico del gen 18S ARNr como técnica alternativa en la identificación de nemátodos entomopatógenos. Se evaluaron dos cepas purificadas de larvas adultas de nematodos entomopatógenos, a partir de las cuales se extrajo el ADN genómico. Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la amplificación del gen 18S del ARNr mediante PCR convencional y una secuenciación de ADN por la tecnología de Sanger en doble cadena. Las secuencias obtenidas fueron alineadas con el software MEGA v.11 y se generaron secuencias consenso de aproximadamente 850 pares de bases. Luego, se utilizaron herramientas como BLAST para la asignación taxonómica de especies y Restriction Mapper v.3 para el análisis de sitios de restricción y simulación de digestión enzimática. Las cepas analizadas se identificaron como Heterorhabditis indica y Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. En Heterorhabditis indica se hallaron 26 sitios de restricción, seleccionando cuatro sitios según su posición media (MslI, NruI, Tsp45I y BseRI), que luego de digerirlos in silico, generaron fragmentos de ADN con longitudes distintas. Por otra parte, en Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, se halló el mismo número de sitios de restricción, se seleccionaron tres (BglII, FokI y BstXI) y al digerirlos se obtuvieron fragmentos de ADN con diferentes longitudes. Los fragmentos de ADN (RFLP) obtenidos permitieron diferenciar claramente ambas especies. Los resultados demuestran que la técnica PCR-RFLP In silico del gen 18S ARNr es una herramienta efectiva para la identificación taxonómica de nematodos entomopatógenos, ofreciendo una alternativa viable en contextos donde los recursos son limitados y el control biológico es una alternativa.
Local ecological knowledge for water management: a feasible solution through ecosystem services in high-Andean mountains
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-27) Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Puga Calderón, Rodrigo Julio; Condori Ataupillco, Leivi Tatiana; Madrigal Martínez, Santiago
Introduction: Mountain ecosystems are particularly sensitive to the impacts of climate change, which, in turn, affect the wellbeing of local populations. In this context, the sustainable use of ecosystem services is crucial to supporting the social and economic welfare of Andean communities in South America. The development of local ecological knowledge has facilitated both environmental adaptation and strengthened environmental awareness. Particularly, the qocha, an ancestral water-related agricultural technology, provides hydro-social value, and represents a local climate-change adaptation measure, however their ecosystem services valuation has not been integrally performed. Thus, we aimed to map and assess the perceived services associated with Yuyuchaqocha, a small reservoir managed by a high-Andean community characterized by pronounced economic poverty. Methods: The methodology included semi-structured interviews with key informants, participatory mapping, and field observation. The participatory process involved the community, municipal, and technical stakeholders operating within the study area. The economic valuation was done by contingent valuation, market prices, and travel cost methods. Results: The results revealed that local inhabitants recognized 10 ecosystem services (five provisioning services and five cultural services), primarily concentrated along its shores. The total local perceived value of these services was estimated at USD 10,104.97, benefiting the rural communities of Huanupampa and Totos. Among the cultural services, those related to community organization, species conservation, and the pagapu celebration had the highest economic values. Discussions: Disseminating the results at various organizational levels would foster the integration of the local worldview into management plans, contributing to their legitimacy and sustainability, and promoting the involvement of institutions engaged in the intervention of mountain water socio-ecosystems. In this regard, integrating local ecological knowledge with ecosystem services valuation can be replicated or adapted in other regions.

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