Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Red rust thrips in smallholder organic export banana in Latin America and the Caribbean: pathways for control, compatible with organic certification
(ISHS, 2020-03-23) Arias de López, M.; Corozo Ayovi, R.E.; Delgado, R.; Osorio, B.; Moyón, D.; Rengifo, D.; Suárez, P.; Paulino, A.; Medrano, S.; Sanchez, L.; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Vegas, U.; Alburqueque, D.; Staver, C.; van Tol, R.; Clercx, L.
Since 2010, red rust thrips (RRT) have become a serious pest in organic export banana plantations, causing yield losses of 30-40%. Although RRT blemishes on banana peel are only cosmetic, exporters apply zero tolerance. During 2014-2017, FONTAGRO co-financed studies on measures to reduce RRT damage in smallholder organic export banana. Research was initially guided by an IPM approach based on thrips population thresholds and linked abiotic factors, in order to schedule practices. Initial studies resulted in a preventive model for thrips management based on the yearround use of transparent bags with 3-mm orifices to protect bunches just as the bell emerges and before bracts open. This approach minimizes losses due to both Chaetanaphothrips signipennis found in Peru and Ecuador and Chaetanaphothrips orchidii common in the Dominican Republic. Experiments to develop scouting methods and establish thresholds suggested three conclusions: C. signipennnis flies very little, complicating trapping even with pheromones; thresholds for economic damage are very low; and scouting is difficult, costly and not practical for decision making. Routine monitoring of losses caused by RRT and other factors should be done during packing. Experiments to test the effectiveness of bagging and the use of applied products to repel or kill thrips showed that bagging alone reduced losses by 90-100% compared to bunches with no bag. Applications of organic products to the bell at bagging and the leaf whorl and the upper bunch stem simultaneously with other bunch practices reduced losses further by 0-8%. Studies of biological control identified predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens which attack different stages of thrips. Preliminary lab and release studies suggest that biological control should be further developed. However, RRT form part of a complex of insect bunch pests, and the use of general or targeted applications should be reviewed to avoid the use of products which reduce beneficial organisms.
Influencia del abono orgánico en la morfología del fruto y la producción del mango (Mangifera indica L.) Var. Kent
(Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, 2024-10-20) MOROCHO ROMERO, HENRY; PEÑA CASTILLO, RICARDO; CHANDUVI GARCÍA, ROGER; VILCHEZ NAVARRO, SANDY GRACIELA; QUIROZ CALDERON, MARCOS; CALERO MERINO, MARIANO; GALECIO JULCA, MIGUEL; JAVIER ALVA, JAVIER; CRUZ GRIMALDO, CAMILA LEANDRA; MORALES PIZARRO, ARTURO
En el Perú, el mango variedad Kent, es la fruta de mayor exportación e interés socioeconómico para el país, producida tradicionalmente bajo una fertilización convencional; sin embargo, su productividad se ve afectada debido al incremento de los costos de producción principalmente de los fertilizantes. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de compost y biol en las variables productivas del cultivo de mango var. Kent. Metodología: Se evaluaron los tratamientos T0: testigo; T1: compost 5 t ha-1 ; T2: compost 15 t ha-1 ; T3: biol 5%; T4: biol 10%; T5: compost 5 t ha-1 + biol 5%; T6: compost 5 t ha-1 + biol 10%; T7: compost 15 t ha-1 + biol 5% y T8: compost 15 t ha-1 + biol10%. Las variables evaluadas fueron: diámetro polar del fruto (DPF-mm), diámetro ecuatorial del fruto (DEF-mm), diámetro diagonal del fruto (DDF-mm), tasa de crecimiento promedio por día (TCPD-mm día-1 ), número de frutos cosechados por panícula (NFCP), peso de fruto (PF-g), rendimiento por planta (RP-kg planta-1 ) y rendimiento por hectárea (RHA-t planta-1 ). Se realizó un ANOVA y un análisis de conglomerados. Resultados: El análisis de conglomerados formó cuatro grupos: G-I (T8, T2 y T7), G-II (T1, T5 Y T6), G-III (T4) y G-IV (T3 y T0). Implicaciones: La fertilización orgánica foliar y edáfica se presenta como alternativa a la fertilización convencional y amigable con el medio ambiente. Conclusión: El G-I con el mayor abonamiento orgánico presentó los mayores valores en las variables evaluadas. Además, T8 superó al testigo en un 132% para la variable RHA.
Fresh cheese production using freeze-dried papain as a vegetable coagulant
(Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos (ITAL), 2024-10-25) Villacréz Chavez, Grégor; Grimaldo Chávez, Segundo; Rivera Botonares, Ralph; Vilca Valqui, Nuri Carito; Zzuta Puscan, Marileydi; Oliva, Manuel; Tineo, Daniel
The study examined the efficacy of freeze-dried papain enzyme obtained from three Vasconcellea species (V. pubescens, V. chachapoyensis, V. heilbornii) as a natural coagulant in cheese making. Notably, the enzyme V. pubescens demonstrated the most promising results when concentrations of 2 g/L, 4 g/L, and 6 g/L were used to produce fresh cheese, while other enzyme species exhibited lower efficacy. The optimal yield of fresh cheese with minimal residual enzyme was achieved when a 2 g/L dose of papain enzyme was employed at a coagulation temperature of 30 °C, resulting in physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics comparable to those produced with commercial Hansen's rennet. Nevertheless, an increase in the coagulation temperature (42 °C) and a higher dose of papain enzyme (4 g/L) resulted in a reduction in the yield of fresh cheese and; consequently, the residual enzyme increased. Further studies are required to determine the purity of freeze-dried papain and the most effective dosage to increase profitability for producers and consumers. Such findings could facilitate the ecological application of this alternative in producing of fresh cheese.
Effect of planting density and fertilization on yield and tuber characteristics of potato of Group Andigenum
(Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2024-04-30) Vásquez, Víctor; Huerta Fernández, Pablo; Cabrera Hoyos, Héctor Antonio; Jiménez, Luis; Pando Gómez, Rosmeri Veronica; Carranza, Víctor; Carranza, Cristian; Argomedo, Betzabé
Fertilization and planting density are important practices in potato-producing regions, particularly in regions where yields are not optimal. In addition, appropriate characteristics are required for industrial processing of potato, prompting farmers to improve their productivity and produce varieties demanded by the agroindustrial market. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two planting densities: 0.20 m x 1.00 m (50,000 plants ha¹) and 0.40 m x 1.00 m (25,000 plants ha¹) and three NPK fertilization doses (60-60-60, 120-120-120, 180-180-180) on the yield and tuber characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum Group Andigenum) varieties Serranita, Luyanita, and Capiro. A randomized block design was used with subdivided plots and three replicates. The results indicate higher total yield and commercial yield (42.87 and 38.74 t ha¹) with the 180-180-180 kg ha¹ dose of NPK. The Luyanita variety stood out with yields of 36.03 and 30.97 t ha¹ of total and commercial tuber yield, respectively. The highest total and commercial tuber yields were obtained with the density 0.20 m x 1.00 m. The Luyanita variety showed acceptable physicochemical characteristics for agribusiness with 24.73% dry matter, low content of reducing sugars (0.21%), acceptable color of fries (3.11), specific gravity (1.11 g cm³) and adequate oil content (20.44%). The planting density factor showed no statistically significant differences.
Characterization of dairy goat production systems in coastal valleys of the Lima region
(Springer, 2024-10-23) Paredes Chocce, Miguel Enrique; Ramírez Vergara, Raúl Omar; Trillo Zárate, Fritz Carlos; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro
Goat farming in Peru is a husbandry activity that, although it is considered secondary in the country, has a great economic and social impact on the rural population, that is why government efforts to develop is so important. The objective of this study was to characterize dairy goat rearing systems in the coastal valleys of the Lima region to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement. This cross-sectional research was conducted in four provinces located in the Lima region, Peru. A total of 62 goat farmers participated in the trial. For data collection, a standard survey was prepared with open and closed questions distributed across two components (socioeconomic and productive). The surveys were processed for qualitative variables using a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) followed by a hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to differentiate the types of farming systems prevalent based on the survey population. The hierarchical cluster analysis resulted in the formation of three separate groups of goat farmers, which can be classified as extensive systems differentiated by management practices and their production and marketing objectives. The test showed a significant difference; therefore, it can be affirmed that they are associated with the groups or clusters formed. These results will allow actors related to goat farming, such as state and regional entities, to focus efforts on addressing specific demands of the different types of goat farmers found in this study.
Gallery type spot in the pineapple fruit associated with Melanoma canopilosum Hendel
(International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), 1997-12-01) Bello Amez, Segundo Donato; Julca Otiniano, Alberto; Villachica León, Hugo
During the year 1992 "fruit spots" were studied at INIA's Chanchamayo Experimental Station. Three types were evidenced, of which two have been largely described and studied in the main pineapple producing areas of the world. They are known as "leathery pocket" and "black spot". However a third type, which we named "spot with galleries", was observed in the Chanchamayo. It is apparently associated with the "pineapple fruit fly" Melanoma canopilosum Hendel, of the Richardiidae family. Symptoms of this third spot type can be assessed externally in the case of the 'Smooth Cayenne' cultivar, on which mosaic-like discolourations are observed on the peel when the fruit matures.
Intercropping bananas with coffee and trees: Prototyping agroecological intensification by farmers and scientists
(International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS), 2013-04-25) Staver, Charles; Bustamante, Oscar Enrique; Siles, Pablo; Aguilar, Carlos; Quinde, Karina; Castellón, Juan; Somarriba, Francisco; Tapia, Andrés; Brenes, Silvia; Deras, Marvin; Matute, Nelly
Bananas are often grown in mixed cropping systems. In Latin America, small growers cultivate bananas with minimal labor and purchased inputs in shaded coffee as a source of monthly income to supplement annual coffee sales. We deployed the framework of agroecological intensification in collaboration with six groups of small coffee growers in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and Peru to assess the potential to improve the productivity of banana in mixed systems. After a formal diagnostic study of 30 smallholder coffee farms in each site carried out by scientists, farmer experimentation groups in the same sites did their own diagnostic sampling and identified priority areas for experimentation. Scientists and farmers developed prototypes for system improvement, and alternative management approaches of system components, labor and inputs. Across pilot zones, ‘Gros Michel’ was the most common cultivar, with banana mat density from 300 to 600 mats/ha with 950 to 1200 pseudostems/ha. Tree density varied from 150 to 550 trees/ha with available light ranging from 50 to 70%, and from 35 to 45% for banana and coffee. Farmer priorities across zones were similar: tree, banana and coffee resource partitioning; improved nutrition; coffee pruning; Fusarium wilt management; and marketing for better banana prices. Prototypes for testing addressed: light partitioning among trees, bananas and coffee; an input-output analysis of nutrients to increase the contribution of nitrogen from shade trees and reorient purchased nutrients; a shifting framework of Fusarium wilt management to address quarantine and cultivar substitution; and a marginal return analysis for step-wise intensification of the system, including banana.
The importance of tropical tree-ring chronologies for global change research
(Elsevier Ltd., 2025-03-06) Groenendijk, Peter; Babst, Flurin; Trouet, Valerie; Fan, Ze Xin; Granato Souza, Daniela; Maselli Locosselli, Giuliano; Mokria, Mulugeta; Panthi, Shankar; Pumijumnong, Nathsuda; Abiyu, Abrham; Acuña Soto, Rodolfo; Adenesky-Filho, Eduardo; Alfaro-Sanchez , Raquel; Anholetto Junior, Claudio Roberto; Vieira Aragao, José Roberto; Assis-Pereira, Gabriel; Astudillo-Sánchez, Claudia C.; Barbosa, Ana Carolina; de Oliveira Barreto, Nathan; Battipaglia, Giovanna; Beeckman, Hans; Botosso, Paulo Cesar; Bourland, Nils; Brauning, Achim; Brienen, Roel; Brookhouse, Matthew; Buajan, Supaporn; Buckley, Brendan M.; Camarero, J. Julio; Carrillo-Parra, Artemio; Ceccantini, Gregorio; Centeno-Erguera, Librado R.; Cerano-Paredes, Julian; Cervantes-Martínez, Rosalinda; Chanthorn, Wirong; Chen, Ya-Jun; Barçante Ladvocat Cintra, Bruno; Cornejo-Oviedo, Eladio Heriberto; Cortés-Cortés, Otoniel; Matos Costa, Clayane; Couralet, Camille; Crispin-DelaCruz, Doris Bianca; D’Arrigo, Rosanne; David, Diego A.; De Ridder, Maaike; Del Valle, Jorge Ignacio; Díaz-Carrillo, Oscar A.; Dobner Jr, Mario; Doucet, Jean-Louis; Dünisch, Oliver; Dünisch, Oliver; Enquist, Brian J.; Esemann-Quadros, Karin; Esquivel-Arriaga, Gerardo; Fayolle, Adeline; Anete Bergamo Fenilli, M. Eugenia; Ferrero, M. Eugenia; Fichtler, Esther; Finnegan, Patrick M.; Fontana, Claudia; Francisco, Kainana S.; Fu, Pei-Li; Galvao, Franklin; Gebrekirstos, Aster; Giraldo, Jorge A.; Gloor, Emanuel; Godoy-Veiga, Milena; Guerra, Anthony; Haneca, Kristof; Harley, Grant Logan; Heinrich, Ingo; Helle, Gerhard; Hernandez-Díaz, José Ciro; Hornink, Bruna; Hubau, Wannes; Inga, Janet G.; Islam, Mahmuda; Jiang, Yu-mei; Kaib, Mark; Hassan Khamisi, Zakia; Koprowski, Marcin; Layme Huaman, Eva; Leffler, A. Joshua; Ligot, Gauthier; Lisi, Claudio Sergio; Loader, Neil J.; de Almeida Lobo, Francisco; Longhi-Santos, Tomaz; Lopez, Lidio; Lopez-Hernández , María I.; Penetra Cerveira Lousada, José Luis; Manzanedo, Rubén D.; Marcon, Amanda K.; Maxwell, Justin T.; Mendivelso, Hooz A.; Mendoza-Villa, Omar N.; Nunes Menezes, Itallo Romany; Ribeiro Montoia, Valdinez; Moors, Eddy; Moreno, Miyer; Muniz-Castro, Miguel Angel; Nabais, Cristina; Nathalang, Anuttara; Ngoma, Justine; de Carvalho Nogueira Jr., Francisco; Morales Oliveira, Juliano; Morais Olmedo, Gabriela; Ortega-Rodriguez, Daigard Ricardo; Rodríguez Ortíz, Carmen Eugenia; Pagotto, Mariana Alves; Paredes-Villanueva, Kathelyn; Pérez-De-Lis, Gonzalo P; Ponce Calderon, Laura Patricia; Portal-Cahuana, Leif Armando; Pucha-Cofrep, Darwin Alexander; Quadri, Paulo; Rahman, Mizanur; Ramírez, Jorge Andrés; Requena-Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Ribeiro, Adauto de Souza ak; Robertson, Lain; Roig, Fidel Alejandro; Roquette, José Guilherme; Rubio-Camacho, Ernesto Alonso; Sánchez-Salguero, Raúl; Sass-Klaassen, Ute; Schongart, Jochen; Callegari Scipioni, Marcelo; Sheppard, Paul; Silva, Lucas C.R.; Slotta, Franziska; Soria-Díaz, Leroy; K.V.S. Sousa, Luciana; Speer, James H.; Therrell, Matthew D.; Ticse-Otarola, Ginette; Tomazello-Filho, Mario; Torbenson, Max C.A.; Tor-Ngern, Pantana; Touchan, Ramzi; Van Den Bulcke, Jan bi; Vazquez-Selem, Lorenzo; Velázquez-Pérez, Adin H.; Venegas-González, Alejandro; Villalba, Ricardo; Villanueva-Diaz, José; Vlam, Mart; Vourlitis, George; Wehenkel, Christian; Wils, Tommy; Zavaleta, Erika S.; Asfaw Zewdu, Eshetu; Zhang, Yong-Jiang; Zhou, Zhe-Kun; Zuidema, Pieter A.
Tropical forests and woodlands are key components of the global carbon and water cycles. Yet, how climate change affects these biogeochemical cycles is poorly understood because of scarce long-term observations of tropical tree growth. The recent rise in tropical tree-ring studies may help to fill this gap, but a large-scale quantitative analysis of their potential in global change research is missing. We compiled a list of all tropical tree species known to form annual tree rings and built a network encompassing 492 tropical ring-width chronologies to evaluate the potential to generate insights on climate sensitivity of woody productivity and to build centuries-long reconstructions of climate variability. We assess chronology quality, length, and climatic representativeness and explore how these change along climatic gradients. Finally, we applied species-distribution modeling to identify regions with potential for tree-ring studies in ecological and climatic studies. The number of tropical chronologies has rapidly increased, with ~400 added over the past two decades. Yet, tree-ring studies are biased towards high-elevation locations, with gaps in warmer and wetter climates, on the African continent, and for angiosperm species. The longest chronologies with strongest climate signals (i.e., synchronous growth variations among trees) are from cool regions. In wet regions, climate signals and precipitation sensitivity decrease. Most tropical regions harbor 5–15 (and up to 80) species with proven potential to generate chronologies. The potential for long climate reconstructions is particularly high in drier high elevation sites. Our findings support strategies to effectively expand tree-ring research in the tropics, by targeting specific species and regions. Tropical dendrochronology can importantly contribute to global change research by generating historical context of climate extremes, quantifying climate sensitivity of woody productivity and benchmarking vegetation models.
Climate change and tree cover loss affect the habitat suitability of Cedrela angustifolia evaluating climate vulnerability and conservation in Andean montane forests
(PeerJ Inc., 2025-02-27) Ames Martínez, Fressia N.; Capcha Romero, Ivan; Guerra, Anthony; Inga Guillen, Janet Gaby; Quispe Melgar, Harold Rusbelth; Galeano, Esteban; Rodríguez Ramírez, Ernesto C
Background. Because of illegal logging, habitat fragmentation, and high value timber Andean montane forest Cedrela species (such as Cedrela angustifolia), is endangered in Central and South America. Studying the effects of climate change and tree cover loss on the distribution of C. angustifolia will help us to understand the climatic and ecological sensitivity of this species and suggest conservation and restoration strategies. Methods. Using ecological niche modeling with two algorithms (maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and Random Forest) under the ecological niche conservatism approach, we generated 16,920 models with different combinations of variables and parameters. We identified suitable areas for C. angustifolia trees under present and future climate scenarios (2040, 2070, and 2100 with SSP 3-7.0 and SSP 5-8.5), tree cover loss, and variables linked to soil and topography. Results. Our results demonstrated 10 environmental variables with high percentage contributions and permutation importance; for example, precipitation seasonality exhibited the highest contribution to the current and future distribution of Cedrela angustifolia. The potential present distribution was estimated as 13,080 km2 with tree cover loss and 16,148.5 km2 without tree cover loss. From 2040 to 2100 the species distribution will decrease (from 22.16% to 36.88% with tree cover loss variation). The results indicated that Bolivia displayed higher habitat suitability than Ecuador, Peru, and Argentina. Finally, we recommend developing conservation management strategies that consider both protected and unprotected areas as well as the impact of land-use changes to improve the persistence of C. angustifolia in the future.
Fusarium ear rot and how to screen for resistance in open pollinated maize in the Andean regions
(Springer Nature, 2006-10-13) Silva, E.; Mora, E.A.; Medina Hoyos, Alicia Elizabeth; Vasquez, J.; Valdez, D.; Danial, D. L.; Parlevliet, J. E.
Ears infected with ear rot were collected from five provinces in Ecuador. Of the 44 samples analysed 26 carried Fusarium verticillioides, 11 F. subglutinans, two F. graminearum and five carried fungi different from Fusarium. The pathogenicity of ten isolates, seven of F. verticillioides and three of F. subglutinans, were tested. Per isolate 30 ears of the susceptible cultivar Mishca were inoculated by pricking a steel pin, dipped into a spore suspension, through the husks in the central part of the ear 14 days after mid-silk. Ears inoculated with sterile water and ears without any treatment, natural infection, served as controls. The disease severity (DS) of the ears ranged from 14 to 58% ear rot, the range being similar for both species. The DS of the water control, 19%, was much higher than that of the natural control of 2%. Five strains gave a DS of over 40%, significantly higher than the water control. The DS of the others were similar to the water control. In a series of experiments the effect of various methods of applying Fusarium spores through the husks into young ears were compared. All tested methods resulted in DSs significantly higher than those of the two controls. Inoculation with tooth picks and steel pins dipped in a spore suspension gave similar ear rot percentages. Inoculations at 7 to 14 days after mid-silk produced the highest DS’s. There was no significant effect of spore concentration on the DS. Cultivars differed considerably, the range being from around 20% to over 50%. Surprisingly, only wounding the husks, the sterile water control, resulted in a fairly high DS, much higher than that of the natural control. As the ranking order of the cultivars after wounding only and after inoculation did not seem to be different from the ranking order of the natural control it is suggested to use in areas with high inoculum pressures like the Andes only wounding by means of a steel pin for screening for resistance to maize ear rot.
Comprehensive characterization of raw and processed quinoa from conventional and organic farming by label free shotgun proteomics
(American Chemical Society (ACS), 2025-01-16) Galindo Luján, Rocío; Pont, Laura; Minic, Zoran; Berezowski , Maxim V.; Quispe Jacobo, Fredy Enrique; Sanz Nebot, Victoria; Benavente, Fernando
Quinoa is widely recognized for its exceptional nutritional properties, particularly its complete protein content. This study, for the first time, investigates the effects of processing methods (boiling and extrusion) and farming conditions (conventional and organic) on the proteomic profile. Following a label-free shotgun proteomics approach, a total of 1796 proteins were identified and quantified across all quinoa samples. Regarding processing, both boiling and extrusion produced protein extracts with lower total protein content, with the number of identified proteins decreasing from 1695 in raw quinoa to 957 in processed quinoa. Boiling led to a reduction in protein diversity and expression, while extrusion, which involves high temperatures and pressures, specifically decreased the abundance of high molecular mass proteins. Concerning cultivation practices, organic farming was associated with a broader protein diversity, especially proteins related to translation (28 vs 5%), while conventional farming showed a higher abundance of catalytic and enzymatic proteins (67 vs 46%). These findings highlight the distinct proteomic changes induced by different processing methods and farming conditions, offering valuable insights to manage quinoa’s nutritional, bioactive, and functional properties across various production practices.
Influence of agroclimatic factors on the efficiency of multi-ovulation in cattle in the Peruvian tropics
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-04-01) Segura Portocarrero, Gleni Tatiana; Murga Valderrama, Nilton Luis; Lopez Lapa, Rainer Marco; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo; Gongora Bardales, Deiner Jhonel; Frias Torres, Hugo; Poclín Rojas, Annie Yoselin; Depaz Hizo, Benjamin; Vasquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Heredia Vilchez, Lizeth Amparo; Ampuero Trigoso, Gustavo
Introduction: Agroclimatic conditions are key determinants in the development of animal production and reproduction, with specific breed differences in vulnerability to environmental stress. This research aims to determine the influence of agroclimatic factors on the efficiency of multi-ovulation in cattle in the Peruvian tropics. Methods: The study was conducted at the “El Porvenir” Agricultural Experimental Station (EEA) of the National Institute of Agricultural Innovation (INIA), located in the district of Juan Guerra, province and department of San Martín, Peru. Throughout a year, four collections of structures were made from 12 Bos indicus donor cows from the genetic nucleus of the PROMEG Tropical project every 2 months under intensive breeding conditions. The cows were classified according to their production: milk (five individuals of the Gyr breed and two of the Guzerat breed) and meat (two individuals of the Nelore breed and three of the Brahman breed), with ages of 3 and 4 years, selected based on specific criteria: regular estrous cycles, no deformities or reproductive problems, and certified pedigree registration. During each collection protocol, the number of viable structures (blastocysts and morulas), non-viable structures (unfertilized oocytes-UFO and degenerated), and agroclimatic factors [temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), precipitation (mm), wind speed (m/s), and the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI)] were evaluated at three times (6 a.m., 1 p.m., and 6 p.m.). A longitudinal experimental design was used for the analysis. Statistical tests were applied, including ANOVA and post-hoc tests (Tukey's Test), to assess the significance of differences between variables, such as the humidity index and temperature in relation to the production of viable structures and non-viable structures. Data visualization was achieved using R Studio libraries, including ggplot2, factoextra, and FactoMineR. Results: The analyses highlight the influence of the interaction between humidity and temperature, resulting in THI on bovine stress, revealing complex interactions that primarily affect embryo production. Stress peaks, especially under adverse conditions, were observed to significantly impact animal health. Discussion: This response to stress can affect both overall well-being and productive performance. Additionally, it should be noted that this impact varies according to the adaptability and resilience of the breed. Therefore, it is suggested to continue this study, as the literature on this topic is limited, and to conduct further research to optimize the well-being and productivity of livestock.
Productive and culinary characteristics of four cultivars of the popping bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Canaán, 2735 meters above sea level. Ayacucho, 2022.
(Editorial MQR, 2025-03-21) Zambrano Ochoa , Lurquín Marino; Aramburo Pretel, Jean Marco; Altamirano Pérez, Ana María
Introducción. El frijol reventón originario de la parte central de los Andes constituye un alimento principal en la dieta de las comunidades rurales por su alto valor nutricional. Objetivo. Analizar las características productivas y culinarias de cuatro cultivares de frijol reventón, cultivados en las condiciones de Canaán, a 2735 msnm, en Ayacucho, durante el año 2022. Método. Se realizó un estudio experimental aplicando el Diseño Bloques Completo Randomizados con 4 variedades de frijol reventón tipo IV y un testigo tipo I arbustivo. El experimento se llevó a cabo con 3 repeticiones, sumando un total de 15 unidades experimentales. Se analizó variables de respuesta como la precocidad del cultivo, la productividad y la calidad del grano tostado. Resultados. El cultivar CFA-007 alcanzó la madurez fisiológica a los 193 días, seguido por las variedades CFA-012, CFA-005 y CFA-016. En cuanto a la altura de planta, el cultivar CFA-026 destacó con 237.93 centímetros, sin presentar diferencias significativas respecto a los demás cultivares. En términos de productividad, el CFA-007 alcanzó un rendimiento de 5700 kilogramos por hectárea, mientras que el CFA-005 obtuvo 4623 kilogramos por hectárea. En lo que respecta a la calidad del grano tostado, el índice de expansión del grano del cultivar CFA-026 fue del 80%, seguido por los cultivares CFA-007, CFA-005 y CFA-012. Conclusión. Tanto las condiciones ambientales de la zona donde se desarrolló el experimento como el manejo agronómico fueron oportunas para el crecimiento y desarrollo de los cultivares.
Taxonomy and new collections of wild potato species in Central and Southern Peru in 1999
(Springer Nature, 2001-05-31) Salas, Alberto R.; Huamán, Zósimo; Hijmans, Robert J.; Torres Maita, Rafael Vinci; Hoesktra, Roel; Schüler, Konrad
Peru contains about half of the described wild potato taxa, and many of these are not yet preserved in genebanks. This paper reports results of the second of a series of five planned collecting expeditions to Peru. Collections were made in the central Peruvian departments of Ancash, Huancavelica, La Libertad, and Lima, from March 8 to April 25,1999. They follow collections in 1998 in the southern Peruvian departments of Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua, Puno, and Tacna. We collected 101 germplasm accessions, including first germplasm collections of the following 22Solanum taxa:Solanum amayanum, S. anamatophilum, S. arahuayum (lost in germplasm increase),S. augustii, S. bill- hookeri, S. cantense, S. chavinense, S. chomatophilum var. subnivale, S. chrysoflorum, S. gracilifrons, S. hapalos um, S. huarochiriense, S. hypacrarthrum, S.jalcae, S. moniliforme, S. multiinterruptum f. longipilosum, S. multiinterruptum var. machaytambinum, S. peloquinianum, S. rhombilanceolatum, S. simplicissimum, S. taulisense (lost in germplasm increase), andS. wittmackii. In addition, new collections were made of the under-collected speciesS. hastiforme (three collections). The above taxonomy is that used in planning our expedition, that we compare to a new treatment of Peruvian wild potatoes published by C. Ochoa in 1999. This paper reports the collection and new species identifications of the 1999 collections, and germplasm conservation and survival of the 1998 and 1999 collections. In addition, chromosome counts are provided for 134 accessions from the 1998 and 1999 expeditions, including first reports forS. chomatophilum var. subnivale (2n = 2x = 24),S. megistacrolobum subsp.purpureum (2n = 2x = 24), andS. multiinterruptum var.multiinterruptum f.albiflorum (2n = 2x = 24); we also report the first triploid count of an accession ofS. immite.
Aislamiento e identificación molecular de cepas bacterianas anaeróbicas aisladas del compartimento 1 de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos)
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2025-02-28) Coila, Pedro; Romero Ávila, Yolanda Madelein; Sánchez, Diana; Oros, Oscar; Zapata, Celso; Flores, Nils; Estrada Cañari, Richard
El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar bacterias anaeróbicas aisladas del compartimento 1 del tracto digestivo de las alpacas. Se obtuvieron 4 aislamientos del licor (LC1) y 9 de la pared del compartimento (PC1) de los tractos digestivos. Los aislamientos de LC1 se cultivaron en agar Anaeróbico de Brewer (BA), y los aislamientos de PC1 en BA suplementado con L-cisteína. Los aislamientos anaeróbicos fueron sometidos a identificación mediante observación microscópica y pruebas bioquímicas, seguidas de la extracción de ADN bacteriano total. La amplificación se realizó utilizando cebadores 27F-1492R en el gen 16S ARNr, y se secuenció utilizando el método Sanger con un analizador de ADN ABI PRISM 3730XL. El análisis bioinformático reveló que las cepas correspondientes a la especie de LC1 eran cuatro Streptococcus equinus y de PC1 eran nueve Streptococcus vicugnae. En el análisis filogenético, las cepas de Streptococcus equinus formaron un clado monofilético con un valor de Bootstrap de 100 y Streptococcus vicugnae con 88. Las cepas revelaron una naturaleza estrictamente anaeróbica, destacando la complejidad de la taxonomía del género Streptococcus y enfatizando la necesidad de futuras investigaciones para aclarar su clasificación taxonómica
Especies del género Abuta (Anomospermeae, Menispermaceae) del Perú
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, 2025-03-15) Ortiz, Rosa del C.; Zañartu Flores, Ricardo A.; Rodríguez del Castillo, Ángel M.; Amasifuen Guerra, Carlos Alberto
El género Abuta constituye el segundo taxón más diverso dentro de las Menispermaceae neotropicales. La presente investigación documenta las 12 especies registradas en territorio peruano, proporcionando una caracterización morfológica detallada de cada taxón, sintetizada en una clave dicotómica para su identificación. Se presenta documentación fotográfica de especímenes, tanto in situ como preservados en herbario, para todas las especies excepto A. aristeguietae. Adicionalmente, se analiza la distribución geográfica de cada especie, tanto a nivel nacional como global. Es importante señalar que la limitada disponibilidad de especímenes fértiles, frecuentemente restringidos a un solo sexo (ya sea ejemplares estaminados o pistilados), ha representado un desafío significativo para el análisis comparativo interespecífico. Abuta grandifolia destaca como la especie de mayor distribución y frecuencia de colecta; sin embargo, investigaciones recientes sugieren que este taxón comprende un complejo de entidades cuyas delimitaciones taxonómicas requieren mayor estudio.
Gastrointestinal parasites in free grazing goats from Ayacucho, Peru: prevalence and risk factors associated with infection in herds
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2024-10-29) Palomino Guerrera, Walter; Ramos Huaman, Michael; Flores Prado, Vania; Godoy Padilla, David; Zárate Rendón, Daniel
This study assessed the prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal parasite infection in goats in Ayacucho, Peru. Fecal samples were collected from a total of 254 goats from four districts of Ayacucho: Ocaña (89), Colca (76), Pacaicasa (64), and Luricocha (25) during the dry season; recording the location, sex, and age of the animals. The fecal samples were analyzed using the flotation technique in salt and sugar solution, and modified McMaster egg counting techniques for eggs/oocysts (epg/opg) of gastrointestinal parasites. The associations between location, sex, and age with the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites were analyzed using the chi-square test. Fecal samples showed an overall parasite prevalence of 87.80%. The identified parasites were Eimeria spp. (86.22%), Strongyle type eggs (STE) (65.75%), Skrjabinema spp. (7.87%), Trichuris spp. (3.15%) and Moniezia spp. (3.15%). There was a significant association between the location and the presence of parasites (p<0.05); where STE was more prevalent in the district of Colca (98.68%); Trichuris spp. in Pacaycasa (9.38%); Skrjabinema spp. (48.00%), Moniezia spp. (12.00%) and Eimeria spp. (100%) were more prevalent in Luricocha. Sex had a significant association with the prevalence of Eimeria spp., Skrjabinema spp. and Moniezia spp. (p<0.05); while age had a significant association with parasitosis only for Trichuris spp. and Moniezia spp. (p<0.05). The epg/opg values revealed a higher parasite burden in goats from Colca compared to the other locations (p<0.05). There was also no statistical relationship between fecal egg/oocyst counts and sex or age, nevertheless, there were moderate and high parasitic burdens. The high prevalence of parasites such as nematodes, cestodes, and coccidia suggests the need to implement strategic control and prevention programs in free-grazing goats. Location and sex were the most relevant risk factors for parasitosis in Ayacucho, Peru.
Identification of the optimal substrate for sexual propagation of Cinchona officinalis l.: Implications for conservation and sustainable use
(Springer, 2025-03-19) Marcelo Bazán, Fátima Elizabeth; Mantilla Chávez, Walter; Paredes Pajares, Katia Patricia; Chávez Cercado, Deisy Medaly; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Álvarez Álvarez, Pedro
Cinchona officinalis L., a tree species of medicinal, ecological and economic importance, inhabits one of the richest and most fragile ecosystems in the world (montane forests) where it contributes to water and climate regulation, erosion control and carbon sequestration. However, the species is subject to strong anthropogenic pressure and is currently endangered. Unfortunately, little is known about propagation and repopulation techniques or the substrate preferences of the species. We designed a randomised trial with four replications in which 12 trial substrates (peat mixed with sand, moss or pine sawdust and supplemented with chicken manure, guano, compost or agricultural soil) were evaluated to identify the optimal substrate for the sexual propagation of Cinchona officinalis seedlings. The physical and chemical properties of the substrates were analysed, and the impact of these on the emergence, biometry and quality of seedlings were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using Scott-Knott and Kruskal-Wallis tests (p<0.05), principal component analysis, heatmap analysis and correlation analysis. The substrate composed of peat, moss and agricultural soil (ratio, 2:2:0.5) was found to be optimal, consistently producing the highest emergence rates and superior biometrics and quality indices. These findings represent a remarkable advance in the propagation of C. officinalis and provide valuable insights enabling the vulnerability of this species to be addressed in ecosystems subject to anthropogenic pressures, thus ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of the species.
Palatosquisis en un ternero raza Holstein. Caso clínico
(División de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad del Zulia, 2024-11-03) Centellas Jáuregui, Rosita Valeria; Portal Torres, Jorge; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali; Alvarado , Wigoberto; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
Palatoschisis is a hereditary teratoma that occurs in cattle, it is a hereditary anomaly that affects the oral cavity due to a bad closure during embryonic development, this malformation can have a negative impact on the animal, affecting its feeding and generating problems such as regurgitation and rhinitis. We report the case of a 2-month-old female bovine that presented a malformation specifically in the hard palate. It was observed that the calf presented palatoschisis, showed difficulty in feeding, as well as rhinitis, symptoms derived from the described anomaly.
Modeling growth curve parameters in Peruvian llamas using a Bayesian approach
(Elsevier, 2025-03-20) Canaza Cayo, Ali William; Mamani Cato, Rubén Herberth; Churata Huacani, Roxana; Rodríguez Huanca, Francisco Halley; Calsin Cari, Maribel; Huacani Pacori, Ferdeynand Marcos; Cardenas Minaya, Oscar Efrain; de Sousa Bueno Filho, Júlio Sílvio
The objective of this study was to fit four nonlinear models (Brody, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Logistic) to realizations of llama weight, using frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Animals from both sexes and types (K'ara and Ch'accu) were observed. Data consisted of 43,332 monthly body weight records, taken from birth to 12 months of age from 3611 llamas, collected from 1998 to 2017 in the Quimsachata Experimental Station of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) in Peru. Parameters for Non-linear models for growth curves were estimated by frequentist and Bayesian procedures. The MCMC method using the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm with noninformative prior distributions was applied in the Bayesian approach. All non-linear functions closely fitted actual body weight measurements, while the Brody function provided the best fit in both frequentist and Bayesian approaches in describing the growth data of llamas. The analysis revealed that female llamas reached higher asymptotic weights than males, and K'ara-type llamas exhibited higher asymptotic weights compared to Ch'accu-type animals. The asymptotic body weight, estimated for all data using the Brody model, was 42 kg at 12 months of age in llamas from Peru. The results of this research highlight the potential of applying nonlinear functions to model the weight-age relationship in llamas using a Bayesian approach. However, limitations include the use of historical data, which may not fully represent current growth patterns, and the reliance on non-informative priors, which could be improved with prior knowledge. Future studies should refine these aspects.

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