Artículos científicos
URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8
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Ítem Growth, Productivity, and Biomass–Carbon Allometry in Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantations of Western Mexico(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2025-09-27) Ruiz Blandon, Bayron Alexander; Hernández Alvarez, Efrén; Martínez Trinidad, Tomás; Amaringo Cordova, Luiz Paulo; Ucañay Ayllon, Tatiana Mildred; Bernaola Paucar, Rosario Marilu; Hernández Plascencia, Gerardo; Orellana Mendoza, EdithTeak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is a leading tropical plantation species valued for high-quality timber and carbon (C) storage. This study assessed stand growth across ages and sites, quantified biomass and C by tree component and stand, and developed DBH-based allometric equations for biomass and C estimation. Six stand ages (5, 6, 9, 11, 14, and 17 years) were assessed in three municipalities of Nayarit, Mexico. Dendrometric inventories in permanent plots and destructive sampling of 35 trees provided calibration data for leaves, branches, stem, and roots. C concentration was determined with an elemental analyzer, and nonlinear regression models were adjusted and validated. Stand biomass and C increased with age, peaking at ages 11–14 (>130 Mg ha⁻¹; >60 Mg C ha⁻¹), with lower values at age 17. San Blas and Rosamorada accumulated significantly more than Tuxpan, reflecting site quality. C concentration was stable across sites and ages, with stem and roots consistently ranging between 48% and 50%, and leaves and branches averaging 45%–46%. Allometric equations were most accurate for stem and total biomass/C (R² = 0.73–0.79), while foliage showed higher variability. On average, 60%–70% of biomass was allocated to the stem and 15%–20% to roots. Indicators were stable, with an aboveground-to-belowground ratio (A:B) ≈ 4.9 and a biomass expansion factor (BEF) ≈ 1.5. The current annual increment (CAI) presented two main peaks: ~20 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at ages 5–6 and ~11 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at ages 9–11, followed by a decline after age 14. Teak in western Mexico reaches peak productivity at ages 6–11, with belowground biomass essential for accurate C accounting.Ítem Rice phenotyping using unmanned aerial vehicles: Analyzing morphological characteristics and yield(2025-09-26) Goigochea Pinchi, Diego; Vega Herrera, Sergio Sebastian; Torres Chavez, Edson Esmith; Archentti Reategui, Fernando; Barrera Torres, Ciceron; Dominguez Yap, Percy Luis; Ysuiza Perez, Alfredo; Perez Tello, Monica; Rios Rios, Raúl; Santillan Gonzáles, Manuel Dante; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Ruiz Reyes, Jose Guillermo; Agurto Piñarreta, Alex IvanRice is a globally important crop and a staple in the diet of a large part of the world's population. This underscores the need for hybridization and improvement of rice genotypes to meet food demand in an environmentally sustainable manner. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have proven to be valuable tools for the morphometric phenotyping of different genotypes. In this study, seven different rice genotypes were evaluated with the objective of selecting those with high yield. Multispectral imagery was used to develop prediction models based on supervised learning algorithms, including Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Elastic Net (EN), and Neural Networks (NN). The variables studied were plant height, number of panicles, number of tillers, and yield. The results showed the following performances: R² = 0.44 for plant height using Random Forest, R² = 0.92 for number of panicles with Neural Networks, R² = 0.44 for number of tillers with SVM, and R² = 0.31 for yield with SVM. This technology significantly supports traditional selection methodologies for hybridization and improvement by providing a spatial approach that enhances and facilitates selection criteria.Ítem Sinergias entre microorganismos y fertilización mineral en la calidad de semilla de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.)(Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán (UNHEVAL) - Perú, 2025-09-26) Tueros Munive, Miguel Luis; Vilcapoma Paliza, Melina Luz; Pillaca Chillce, Guido Bryan; Velásquez Mantari, José; Campos Villar, Henry; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel ClaudioLa productividad del cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) requiere estrategias nutricionales que optimicen el rendimiento sin afectar la calidad comercial de la semilla. En este contexto, la aplicación de microorganismos específicos que mejoren la disponibilidad de nutrientes y el desempeño fisiológico del cultivo representa una estrategia sostenible. Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la fertilización órgano-mineral y la inoculación con Trichoderma viride y Bacillus subtilis sobre el rendimiento y la calidad comercial del tubérculo en dos variedades de papa (INIA 303-Canchán y Yungay) bajo condiciones agroecológicas de los Andes peruanos. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial 3x3x2 y tres repeticiones por tratamiento, sumando un total de 54 UE. Se evaluaron 3 niveles de fertilización (0 %, 50 % y 100 % NPK) y 3 niveles de microorganismos (sin microorganismo, Trichoderma, Bacillus) y dos cultivares de papa. Se aplicó ANOVA robusto (WRS2) y prueba de Sidak (α = 0.05). El peso de tubérculos por planta fue mayor con fertilización completa y microorganismos: m1×n3 = 2.043 ± 0.13 kg; m2×n3 = 1.928 ± 0.13 kg. La variedad Yungay superó a Canchán en todas las categorías, con mayor producción de semilla de primera: 21.8 ± 1.48 kg vs. 15.7 ± 1.48 kg, alcanzando un máximo de 27.0 ± 3.14 kg en m3×n3. No se hallaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para peso de semilla PC2 y PC3; sin embargo, sí entre variedades: Yungay (PC2: 18.2 ± 1.08 kg; PC3: 13.7 ± 0.81 kg) e INIA 303-Canchán (PC2: 13.4 ± 1.08 kg; PC3: 10.7 ± 0.81 kg). Se concluye que la integración de PGPM con fertilidad química mejora rendimiento y calidad de semilla, favoreciendo sistemas agrícolas sostenibles en Ayacucho.Ítem Texel and Dohne Merino highlight preweaning growth in the high andean highlands of Peru: A comparative study of six sheep breeds(International Journal of Veterinary Science, 2025-09-19) Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Pantoja, Aliaga César; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Rodriguez Lopez, Melina; Bermúdez, A. W.; Morales, S. E.; Sánches, Villanueva , Humberto; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Solórzano Acosta, Richard AndiSheep production in the high Andean regions of Peru faces several challenges, including low productive performance, particularly during the pre-weaning stage. Therefore, the appropriate selection of breeds adapted to these conditions could significantly improve growth indicators and increase the profitability of the production system. The study aimed to compare the behavior of preweaning growth criteria in male and female lambs of six sheep breeds (Dohne Merino, Corriedale, Texel, Poll Dorset, Finnish Landrace, and East Friesian) raised in the high Andean conditions of Peru. A total of 199 live weight records of lambs were evaluated at birth, 25, 60, 90 days, and weaning. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences between breeds, separated by sex, and the Principal Component Analysis examined patterns of variation among variables and breeds. The results showed that males of the Texel breed had a higher average weight at 60 days, while the Dohne Merino breed stood out in terms of birth weight. In females, Texel and Dohne Merino were the breeds with the highest weights at 90 days and weaning. PCA analysis revealed a positive correlation between 60-day, 90-day, and weaning weights, although no clear grouping by breed or sex was evident. However, Texel and Dohne Merino showed better performance compared to the other breeds, suggesting their potential for inclusion in genetic improvement programs under high-altitude conditions, which could contribute to strengthening livestock systems in the high Andean regions of Peru.Ítem Nutritional quality of the “Algarrobo” neltuma pallida fruit and its relationship with soil properties and vegetation indices in the dry forests of Northern Peru(MPDI, 2025-09-16) Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Cruz Grimaldo, Camila Leandra; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Rengifo Sanchez, Raihil Rabindranath; Vargas de la Cruz, Celia; Godoy Padilla, David; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard AndiThe dry forests of northern Peru are home to extensive populations of algarrobo (Neltuma spp.). Its fruit serves as feed for goats and is used in various agro-industrial products. However, the nutritional quality can be influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil and vegetation coverage. The objective of this study was to understand and predict the concentration of protein and ether extracts of carob and evaluate its relationship with soil properties and vegetation indices. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analyses were conducted. The prediction of protein and ether extract was carried out using the Eureqa-Formulize software 1.24.0. In the PCA, protein showed a positive relationship with ash and ether extract but a negative relationship with moisture. Likewise, moderate correlations were observed between protein and ash content (0.51). Protein also showed positive correlations with pH (r = 0.19), BI (r = 0.22), and NDSI (r = 0.22). Additionally, the ether extract exhibited correlations with sand content (r = 0.22), Ca2+ (r = −0.26), Cu (r = −0.20), S5 (r = 0.26), and Si (r = 0.24). Protein predictions showed moderate performance (CC = 0.73 and R2 = 0.53), as did ether extracts (CC = 0.68 and R2 = 0.46). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the factors that influence the nutritional quality of carob and can be used for the development of sustainable management strategies in the dry forests of northern Peru.Ítem Rhizobium inoculation sustains optimal yields on native common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under nitrogen-deficient fertilization(MDPI, 2025-07-25) Vásquez Lozano, Danny Jarlis; Ureta Sierra, Cledy; Campos Ruiz, Joseph; Ramírez Maguiña, Héctor Andrés; Chávez Collantes, Azucena; Velarde Apaza, Leslie Diana; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cadenillas Martínez, Attilio IsraelNative bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) play a crucial role in ensuring food security in the Andean region. However, their cultivation faces challenges, such as low yields and a high dependence on nitrogen fertilizers. Addressing these issues requires the development of sustainable strategies to enhance productivity. This study evaluated the interaction between Rhizobium phaseoli inoculation and three levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization on the growth, yield, and nutritional profile of the 'Tiachos bayo' native bean variety under Andean field conditions. Two R. phaseoli strains (UNC-1 and CIAT-2) were tested in combination with three levels of chemical fertilization (0%, 50%, and 100%) using a factorial design under field conditions. Parameters assessed included nodule number, plant height, phenology, yield, and proximal grain composition. Results indicated that inoculation and fertilization levels significantly influenced nodulation, phenological phases, and crop yield. The highest yield (2172 kg·ha⁻¹) and nodule number (78) were observed with the combined treatment of R. phaseoli CIAT-2 strain with 100% fertilization. It was concluded that R. phaseoli inoculation, when integrated with appropriate fertilization, enhances the productivity of native beans.Ítem Human-wildlife interaction, conflict, and coexistence: Bibliometric analysis from Scopus (1987–2023)(Malque Publishing, 2025-07-18) Guzman Valqui, Betty Karina; Silva López, Jhonsy O.; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.Human interactions with wildlife range from conflict (negative) to coexistence (positive or neutral). The scientific interest in this topic is increasing rapidly, although the terminology used varies among authors. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of literature on human–wildlife interaction, conflict, and coexistence (HWCICx) from 1987 to October 2023 using Scopus data analyzed with VOSviewer and the Bibliometrix package in R. An exponential rise in publications was identified between 1995 and 2022, confirming HWCICx as an emerging yet robust research field. The United States and the United Kingdom lead in publication volume and international collaboration, whereas researchers from Asia and Latin America show growing involvement. Journals specializing in ecology, conservation, and wildlife, such as Biological Conservation, Oryx, and Human–Wildlife Interactions, dominate the field, although newer specialized journals are gaining visibility. Predominant research topics include carnivore–livestock conflicts and species conservation. However, new areas of interest are emerging, including urban wildlife interactions and the sociocultural aspects of coexistence. This study offers an updated overview of the evolution of HWCICx research and highlights the need for integrated natural and social science approaches to develop sustainable models of coexistence.Ítem The conversion of forests to agricultural croplands significantly depletes soil organic carbon reserves, total nitrogen, and available potassium, reaching critical thresholds in the Peruvian Amazon(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-09-19) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Romero Chávez, Lorena Estefani; Lozano, Andi; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Vallejos Torres, GeomarIntroduction: Land-use change from primary forests to agricultural croplands can degrade soil quality by depleting soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (STN), and soil-available potassium (SAK). The magnitudes and thresholds of these losses in the Peruvian Amazon remain insufficiently quantified. Methods: We assessed six land-use systems—two primary forests and four croplands (coffee, cocoa, oil palm, camu camu)—collecting 72 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) from 12 subplots per system using pit sampling. SOC, STN, and SAK were measured with standard laboratory procedures and compared across land uses. Results: The humid primary forest (WE–PF) had the highest nutrient status (SOC 118.99 t C ha⁻¹; STN 0.35%; SAK 181.83 mg kg⁻¹). The lowest values occurred in croplands, especially camu camu (SOC 23.93 t C ha⁻¹; STN 0.08%). Forest-to-cropland conversion was associated with average reductions of 58.98% (SOC), 59.49% (STN), and 59.66% (SAK). Among crops, coffee showed the smallest deficit (18.04%), whereas camu camu showed the largest SOC deficit (30.92%). Discussion: Converting forests to croplands critically depletes SOC, STN, and SAK, indicating substantial nutrient losses and concomitant deterioration of soil quality. These findings support conserving primary forests and promoting agroforestry and soil-restorative practices to mitigate degradation in the Peruvian Amazon.Ítem Comparación de métodos no destructivos para estimar el área foliar de Cinchona officinalis L. mediante procesamiento digital de imágenes(Universidad de Pinar del Río “Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca”, Cuba, 2025-09-11) Fernández Zarate, Franklin Hitler; Huaccha Castillo, Annick Estefany; Vaca Marquina, Segundo Primitivo; Seminario Cunya, Alejandro; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Pérez Delgado, Luis Jhoseph; Coronel Bustamante, David; Quiñones Huatangari, LeninCinchona officinalis es una importante especie vegetal, fue el único tratamiento para la malaria durante más de tres siglos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la precisión de cuatro métodos no destructivos de procesamiento digital de imágenes (LeafArea y tres algoritmos de ImageJ) para estimar el área foliar de plantaciones jóvenes de C. officinalis en dos condiciones de establecimiento: macizo forestal y franjas de enriquecimiento. Se fotografiaron hojas a 8 cm de distancia utilizando un smartphone de 24 MP y se procesaron con los métodos evaluados. El análisis estadístico incluyó diagramas de caja y bigotes, correlación de Pearson y prueba de Friedman. Los resultados mostraron que los métodos M3 y M4 de ImageJ presentaron la mayor precisión (r = 0,99), sin diferencias significativas entre ellos, y con sobreestimaciones detectadas en M1 y M2. Se concluye que M3 y M4 son opciones rápidas, de bajo costo y alta precisión para el monitoreo foliar de C. officinalis en campo.Ítem Optimizing harvest stage and drying time to enhance yield and nutritive quality of whole-plant Tithonia diversifolia forage meal in arid tropics(Frontiers Media SA, 2025-09-19) Temoche Socola, Victor Alexander; Sessarego Davila, Emmanuel Alexander; Rodríguez Vargas, Aníbal Raúl; Vásquez García, Cesar Alejandro; Riojas, Joel; Ruiz Chamorro, José Antonio; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos AlejandroIntroduction: Tithonia diversifolia, also known as Mexican sunflower, is a tropical shrub with high forage potential, but limited information exists on the optimal harvest stage to balance yield and nutritional value. Methods: A 3 × 3 factorial design was implemented under tropical dry forest conditions in northern Peru, combining three regrowth stages (30, 45, and 60 days) with three plant fractions (leaf, stem, and leaf–stem mixture), with four replicates per treatment. Agronomic traits, dry matter yield, proximate composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were evaluated. Results: Biomass yield increased significantly with harvest age, reaching 11.93 kg fresh weight and 3.45 kg dry matter per plant at 60 days, although with reduced nutritional quality due to a higher stem proportion. Leaves harvested at 30 days had the highest crude protein (16.5%) and soluble carbohydrates (48.2%) with the lowest crude fiber (19.3%). In contrast, the 45-day leaf samples achieved the highest IVDMD (62.34 ± 1.42%). A strong positive correlation was observed between leaf area and biomass yield (r = 0.93), and a moderate negative correlation with digestibility (r = –0.42). Discussion: Harvesting at 45 days provided the best compromise between biomass production and nutritional value. These findings highlight the potential of T. diversifolia as a strategic forage alternative for sustainable feeding systems in tropical dry environments.Ítem Aplicación de consorcios microbianos para la producción sostenible de semilla de papa var. Única en la Sierra Sur del Perú(Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM), 2025-09-23) Torres Limascca, María Elena; Cordova Tarifa, Isabel Marleni; García Lopez, Kevin Eduardo; Coaquira Rios, Grecia Cecilia; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel ClaudioLos microorganismos del suelo tienen un gran potencial para desarrollar sistemas agrícolas integrados y sostenibles. Particularmente, la interacción entre hongos y bacterias nitrificantes favorecen el desarrollo y producción de las plantas de cultivo. En este estudio se evaluaron cuatro consorcios microbianos para potenciar la producción de semilla y el rendimiento comercial de papa var. Única en Arequipa, Perú. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones, donde se registró altura de planta, número de tallos, variables de rendimiento desagregadas por calibre (RS1-RS3) y consumo (> 120 g), número de semillas por planta y materia seca. Los datos se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza y prueba de comparación de Tukey (p<0,05). La combinación Trichoderma harzianum/viride + microorganismos eficaces (T2) incrementó la altura un 40 % respecto al testigo y alcanzó el mayor rendimiento total (31,8 t ha⁻¹). T. harzianum/viride + Azotobacter salinestris (T1) triplicó el peso de tubérculos de consumo (20,9 t ha⁻¹), mientras que MOBs-INIA + T. harzianum/viride (T3) obtuvo una producción de semilla de primera (9,39 t ha⁻¹) y tercera (0,43 t ha⁻¹) categoría, lo que significó un incremento superior al doble del rendimiento respecto al testigo (T5). Los consorcios microbianos formaron grupos superiores para número de semillas y calibre RS1-RS3. La materia seca y la ramificación no variaron significativamente, aunque mostraron ligeras mejoras en T1 y T2. En conjunto, los resultados sugieren que la coinoculación mejoró el rendimiento comercial y la disponibilidad de semilla de papa var. Única bajo las condiciones específicas del presente ensayo en la región de Arequipa.Ítem Analysis of binder proportions on the calorific value in a briquette made from cocoa pod husk in the Peruvian Amazon(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-09-22) Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Paquiyauri, Alexandra; Neyra, Walter; Siqueira Bahia, Rita de Cassia; Vallejos Torres, GeomarIntroduction: The growing global demand for fuel has created challenges in the supply of raw materials, positioning biomass derived from cocoa pod husk waste as an economically viable and environmentally sustainable energy alternative. Methods: This study evaluated the effect of different binder types on the calorific value of briquettes produced from fermented cocoa pod husk waste in the Peruvian Amazon. For the calorific value assay, 1.05 kg of fermented cocoa pod husk waste was combined with 100 g of starch-based binders derived from corn, cassava, or potato, all sourced from the San Martín region. Statistical analyses were performed in R Studio using the dplyr package, and mean comparisons were conducted with Tukey's HSD test (p < 0.05). Results: The lowest ash content was obtained with the potato-starch binder (7.03%), whereas the highest value was recorded in the control treatment without binder (8.71%). Fixed carbon content ranged from 3.70% to 5.97% across treatments. The lowest calorific value was observed with the corn-starch binder (3,486.0 kcal/kg), while the highest was achieved with cassava starch (3,586.66 kcal/kg). Discussion: These findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of producing high-quality charcoal briquettes from cocoa pod husk waste using starch-based binders, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional fuels.Ítem Caracterización morfológica de la colección nacional de yuca para fines de conservación en el INIA, Perú(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), México, 2025-09-08) Marcelo Salvador, Mavel Nansi; Celestino Avelino, Doris; Fernández Huaytalla, Elizabeth; Contreras Liza, SergioEl objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar morfológicamente la colección nacional de yuca(Manihot esculenta Crantz) del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Perú para fines de conservación. El estudio se realizó en la estación experimental del INIA en Huaral (Lima), se instalaron parcelas de observación con una distribución sistemática de 741 accesiones en el campo experimental. Según el desarrollo del cultivo se realizó la evaluación y caracterización usando descriptores elaborados por los curadores del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Se utilizó el análisis de conglomerado jerárquico para los parámetros utilizados en la caracterización y se calcularon las frecuencias absolutas y relativas para los descriptores cualitativos. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis de componentes principales, para examinar la asociación entre los caracteres. Los parámetros cuantitativos y cualitativos permitieron discriminar entre los genotipos y establecer grupos de accesiones según sus características de similitud utilizando descriptores desarrollados por Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. Dentro de las accesiones conservadas del banco de germoplasma de yuca se halló variabilidad morfológica y se identificaron 12 accesiones promisorias, con potencial de uso para el mejoramiento genético, aptas para el consumo humano y para la seguridad alimentaria.Ítem Guinea pig manure and mineral fertilizers enhance the yield and nutritional quality of hard yellow maize on the peruvian coast(MDPI, 2025-04-26) Calero Rios, Emilee Nahomi; Borbor Ponce, Miryam; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Solórzano Acosta, Richard AndiSustainable fertilization using local resources such as manure is crucial for soil health. This study evaluated the potential of guinea pig manure to replace mineral fertilizers in hard yellow maize (hybrid INIA 619) under Peruvian coastal conditions. A split-plot design tested four doses of guinea pig manure (0, 2, 5, 10 t⋅ha−1) and four levels of mineral fertilization (0%, 50%, 75%, 100%). The study assessed plant height, ear characteristics, yield, and nutritional quality parameters. The results indicated that 100% mineral fertilization led to the highest plant height (229.67 cm) and grain weight (141.8 g). Yields of 9.19 and 9.08 t⋅ha−1 were achieved with 5 and 10 t⋅ha−1 of manure, while 50% mineral fertilization gave 8.8 t⋅ha−1, similar to the full dose (8.7 t⋅ha−1). The protein content was highest with 10 t⋅ha−1 of manure combined with mineral fertilization. However, no significant differences were found between the 50%, 75%, and 100% mineral fertilizer doses. In conclusion, applying guinea pig manure improved nutrient use efficiency, yield, and grain protein quality in maize, reducing the need for mineral fertilizers by up to 50%. This provides a sustainable fertilization strategy for agricultural systems.Ítem Evaluación de resistencia a antibióticos en muestras de heces de terneros con diarrea en la región Cajamarca, Perú(Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias INIFAP, 2023-05-05) Cabrera González, Marco Antonio; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Bazán Arce, José Luis; Cueva Rodríguez, MedaliLa diarrea está asociada con bacterias infecciosas que ocasionan mortalidad en terneros como Escherichia coli, representando un problema para los productores de leche y carne a nivel global, provocando grandes pérdidas económicas. En este estudio se evaluó la resistencia a cepas de E. coli aisladas de heces diarreicas de terneros recién nacidos de la región Cajamarca. Se recolectaron 52 muestras de heces de terneros de cinco provincias de la región Cajamarca para el aislamiento de E. coli en agar MacConkey con sorbitol. La identificación molecular de E. coli se realizó mediante la amplificación del gen uidA por PCR convencional y luego se evaluó la susceptibilidad/resistencia a antibióticos utilizando la metodología de Kirby-Bauer y el uso de discos de antibiótico con neomicina, tetraciclina, sulfametoxazol-trimetroprim y enrofloxacina. Los resultados fueron que el 96.15 % de cepas de E. coli fueron resistentes a tetraciclina, el 51.92 % a sulfametropim, el 26.92 % a neomicina y el 9.61 % a enrofloxacina. También se demostró que el 30.76 % presentaban resistencia a dos fármacos, el 19.23 % a tres fármacos y el 5.76 % a cuatro fármacos; se encontró diferencia significativa de resistencia a tetraciclina (P<0.0001). Se concluye que los terneros neonatos de la región Cajamarca que presentaban diarrea son portadores de E. coli resistentes a antibióticos, representando un problema para los criadores de ganado vacuno, ya que estas cepas pueden causar la muerte de los animales y contribuyen a la diseminación de la resistencia de antibióticos.Ítem Ecological and carcinogenic risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in rangelands and croplands around Lake Junin (Peru): Integrating remote sensing, machine learning, and land cover segmentation(Elsevier, 2025-08-27) Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel Edwin; Requena Rojas, Edilson Jimmy; Barboza, Elgar; Peña Elme, Eunice Dorcas; Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Ccopi Trucios, DennisThe Junín Lake basin, a critical high-altitude ecosystem in the central Peruvian Andes, faces severe contamination from potentially toxic elements (PTEs) driven by mining activities, agriculture, and urbanization. This study evaluates the spatial distribution, ecological risk, and human health implications of 14 heavy metals, metalloids, and trace elements in surface soils surrounding the lake. Using 211 soil samples, we integrated remote sensing, land cover classification, and Random Forest machine learning models with spectral, edaphic, topographic, and proximity-based environmental covariates to predict contamination patterns and assess risk. Results reveal extreme contamination, with arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) concentrations exceeding ecological thresholds by over 100-fold in agricultural zones. Ecological risk assessments using contamination degree (mCD), pollution load index (PLI), and risk index (RI) indicated that over 99 % of the study area exhibits very high to ultra-high contamination levels. Human health risk analysis identified unacceptable carcinogenic risks from As, Pb, and Cr across adult and pediatric populations, with arsenic presenting the greatest concern. The integration of geospatial tools and machine learning enabled precise identification of contamination hotspots and vulnerable land cover types, demonstrating the value of AI approaches for monitoring contaminated territories. These findings underscore the urgent need for coordinated environmental management, targeted remediation strategies, and community-based monitoring to protect public health and preserve Andean ecosystem integrity.Ítem Influencia del portainjerto en las características morfo-productivas de Uvina del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, Perú(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Venezuela, 2025-09-01) Dadther Huaman, Hans; Garay Duran, Diana Yessica; Aybar Peve, Leandro JoelLa Uvina es una de las ocho variedades de uva permitidas para la elaboración del pisco en el Perú y forma parte del patrimonio cultural del país. Sin embargo, no se ha estudiado ampliamente el efecto de los portainjertos sobre sus propiedades. Se evaluó la influencia de diferentes portainjertos en las características morfo-productivas de Uvina del Banco de Germoplasma del INIA, considerando catorce caracteres cualitativos. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, ANOVA con comparación de medias mediante la prueba de Tukey (p≤0,05) y, para pruebas no paramétricas, el test de Kruskal-Wallis con post hoc de Holm (p≤0,05), además de análisis de correlación de Pearson y componentes principales. Los resultados evidenciaron que los portainjertos Salt Creek y 5BB sobresalieron por presentar el mayor número y masa de racimos por planta, así como mayor largo de entrenudos y masa de sarmientos. Paulsen mostró un desempeño intermedio, mientras que MGT registró los valores más bajos en la mayoría de las variables analizadas, con excepción del contenido de sólidos solubles totales, parámetro en el que superó a los demás. Se concluye que los portainjertos influyeron significativamente en las características morfo-productivas de la Uvina.Ítem Biofermentos en la morfología y calidad de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en vivero(Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (México), 2025-09-07) Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Cuevas Giménez, Juan PabloLa producción de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) de calidad en vivero, es fundamental para el éxito de las plantaciones comerciales. Los biofermentos representan una alternativa sostenible para mejorar producción y la calidad de las plántulas. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de biofermentos en la producción y calidad de plántulas de cacao en vivero. Metodología. Se utilizaron cuatro tratamientos con diferentes combinaciones de sustratos y biofermentos sólidos y líquidos. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones, midiendo variables morfológicas y de calidad. Resultados. El tratamiento sustrato tradicional con adición de biofermentos sólidos y líquidos (ST+BS+BL) presentó los mayores valores en altura, diámetro del tallo, biomasa seca y calidad de Dickson, superando en un 51% al sustrato tradicional. Implicaciones. Los biofermentos mejoran la disponibilidad de nutrientes y la estructura del sustrato, favoreciendo el desarrollo de plántulas vigorosas y mejor calidad. Conclusiones. La combinación de biofermentos sólidos y líquidos representa una estrategia agroecológica para optimizar la producción, mejorando los atributos morfológicos, y calidad de plántulas de cacao en vivero.Ítem Challenges of organic amendments: Impact of vermicompost leachate and biochar on popcorn maize in saline soil(MDPI, 2025-07-19) Rivas Aratoma, Brenda; Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Ortiz Dongo, Luis Felipe; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Gandhi; Solórzano Acosta, Richard AndiOrganic amendments provide a sustainable strategy to enhance soil quality in degraded environments while also helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, for example, by improving soil structure, minimizing the use of synthetic fertilizers, and promoting a green economy. This study assessed the comparative effects of two organic amendments— vermicompost leachate and biochar—on the performance of popcorn maize (Zea mays L. var. everta) cultivated in saline soil conditions. Four treatments were evaluated: T0 (Control), T1 (Vermicompost leachate), T2 (Biochar), and T3 (Vermicompost leachate + Biochar), each with 10 replicates arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Although various soil physicochemical, microbiological, and agronomic parameters displayed no significant differences compared to the control, the application of biochar resulted in considerable improvements in soil total organic carbon, the microbial community (mesophilic aerobic bacteria, molds, and yeasts), and increased seed length and diameter. In contrast, vermicompost leachate alone negatively impacted plant growth, leading to decreases in leaf area, stem thickness, and grain yield. Specifically, grain yield declined by 46% with leachate alone and by 31% when combined with biochar, compared to the control. These findings emphasize the superior effectiveness of biochar over vermicompost leachate as a soil amendment under saline conditions and highlight the potential risks of widely applying compost teas in stressed soils. It is recommended to conduct site-specific assessments and screenings for phytotoxins and phytopathogens prior to use. Additionally, the combined application of leachate and biochar may not be advisable given the tested soil characteristics.Ítem Fenología, crecimiento y rendimiento de nueve líneas de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris) en condiciones agroclimáticas de Chincha, Perú(Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), 2025-09-01) Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel; Cervantes Zamudio, Rogelio; Camargo Cobeñas, Marcos Antonio; Chihuan Palomino, Evelin Analy; Rojas Meza, María Elena; Terán Rojas, José AlfonsoEl frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es una de las leguminosas más cultivadas a nivel mundial por su alto valor nutricional y papel en la seguridad alimentaria. En el Perú, su producción en el valle de Chincha es vital para pequeños y medianos agricultores, siendo una fuente clave de ingresos. Sin embargo, su productividad depende de factores agroclimáticos y genéticos. Este estudio evaluó el desempeño de nueve líneas de frijol en el valle de Chincha para identificar materiales con mayor potencial productivo. Se empleó un Diseño en Bloques Completos al Azar (DBCA) con 14 variables evaluadas, aplicándose análisis estadísticos como ANOVA, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y agrupamiento jerárquico. El ACP explicó el 40 % de la variabilidad total en las dos primeras dimensiones. La primera (23,3 %) estuvo asociada a componentes de rendimiento, mientras que la segunda (16,7 %) se relacionó con la fenología, peso de 100 granos y longitud de vaina. El peso de 100 granos presentó correlación positiva con el largo de vaina (r=0,80) y negativa con los días a madurez de cosecha (r=-0,56). Can D8120 y Arbolito (clúster A) fueron las líneas más productivas (1402,75 y 1511,00 kg·ha⁻¹), con peso intermedio de 100 granos (49,30-51,70 g). Larán Mejorado (clúster B) destacó por su mayor tamaño de grano y rendimiento intermedio. Estos hallazgos son clave para la selección de líneas con alto potencial productivo y su incorporación en programas de fitomejoramiento.