Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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A Comparison of Classification Algorithms for Predicting Distinctive Characteristics in Fine Aroma Cocoa Flowers Using WEKA Modeler
(2024-09-24) Tineo Flores, Daniel; Murillo, Yuriko S.; Marin, Mercedes; Gomez Fernandez, Darwin; Taboada, Víctor H.; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Quiñonez Huatangari, Lenin
The expression of crop functional traits is influenced by environmental and management conditions, which in turn is reflected in genetic diversity. This study employed a data mining approach to determine the functional traits of flowers that influence cocoa diversity. A total of 1,140 flowers from 228 trees were utilized in this study, with 177 representing fine aroma cocoa trees and 51 trees belonging to other commercial cultivars. Three attribute evaluators (InfoGainAttributeEval, CorrelationAttributeEval and GainRatioAttributeEval), and six algorithms (Naive Bayes, Multinomial Logistic Regression, J48, Random Forest, LTM and Simple Logistic) were employed in this study. The findings indicated that the GainRatioAttributeEval attribute generator was the most efficacious in discerning the functional trait in cocoa diversity flowers. The algorithms Simple Logistic and LMT were the most accurate and specific, while Naive Bayes was the most efficient in terms of computational complexity for model building. This research provides a comprehensive overview of the use of machine learning to analyze functional traits of flowers that most influence cocoa genetic diversity. It also highlights the need to further improve these models by integrating additional techniques to increase their efficiency and extend the data mining approach to other agricultural sectors.
A new species of Trechisibus from Peruvian Andes (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Trechinae)
(Sapienza University of Rome, 2016-06-30) Delgado Mamani, Pedro Ernesto; Ruiz Tapiador, Ildefonso
[EN] In this work the new species Trechisibus (s. str.) delestali sp. n., is described from the southern Peruvian Andes. The morphological differences with the geographically closest species of the subgenus are also presented and discussed.
A pathogen complex between the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium verticillioides results in extreme mortality of the inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis)
(Julius Kühn-Institut., 2021-10-12) Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos; Padilla Domínguez, Ammer; Torres Flores, Elías; López Rodríguez, Carlos; Guerrero Abad, Roger Arbildo; Coyne, Danny; Oehl, Fritz; Corazon Guivin, Mike Anderson
The combined infection of the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and two Fusarium species led to high plant mortality of inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis) seedlings in pots after 80 days growth in two independent inoculation experiments. Inoculation of M. incognita juveniles and conidia of F. solani or F. verticillioides, simultaneously, increased plant mortality by 25-30%, compared with M. incognita alone (5-10% mortality). When inoculated with F. verticillioides at 20 days post nematode inoculation, plant mortality increased to 55%. Either of the Fusarium spp. alone caused some plant mortality, but less than when combined with M. incognita. The synergistic interaction of M. incognita and especially F. verticillioides demonstrates a lethal outcome for inka nuts. It appears that M. incognita creates favorable conditions that lead to enhanced effect and damage by the Fusarium species, especially F. verticillioides, leading to devastating levels of plant death.
A review of silvopastoral systems in the Peruvian Amazon region
(International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), 2022-05-31) Fuentes, Eduardo; Gómez, Carlos; Pizarro, Dante; Alegre, Julio; Castillo, Miguel; Vela, Jorge; Huaman, Ethel; Vásquez Pérez, Héctor Vladimir
Livestock in the Peruvian Amazon region is mostly produced in areas considered degraded pasturelands and associated with deforestation. Silvopastoral systems (SPS) are an alternative for sustainable livestock production. This article aims to provide information about progress in the development of SPS in the Peruvian Amazon region during the last 2 decades and opportunities to develop it further at the national level. The geographical characteristics and climatic conditions of the Peruvian Amazon are described, followed by a review of the experiences with SPS in the 5 most relevant departments of the region. Constraints for implementation of SPS practices in the country and the current initiatives at regional and national level to promote and develop more sustainable livestock production in the region are presented. There is a large variation in SPS practiced along the different departments of the Amazon region. It is imperative that the Peruvian Government continues promoting SPS for recovering degraded lands through generating enabling conditions for farmers to adopt and/or scale up SPS.
A review of sustainable cattle genetic improvement in the Peruvian Highlands
(Elsevier, 2025-01-25) Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Muñoz Vílchez, Yudith Yohany; Figueroa Venegas, Deyanira Antonella; Estrada Cañari, Richard; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique
Cattle breeding in the highlands of Peru is an important economic activity at the level of the entire rural extension, because it serves as an economic reserve for rural families and forms an integral part of the agri cultural producer’s culture. This review aimed to provide a literature- and research-based approach to the fundamental aspects of a national genetic improvement plan, emphasising the efficacy of using a bovine germplasm of high genetic quality as an initiative to implement genetic improvement programmes. The concepts to be implemented in national livestock farming include high yield, feed conversion efficiency, and minimum greenhouse gas emissions. The use of a dual-purpose germplasm to maximise the usefulness of livestock farmers and the implementation of improvement programmes, with the expectation of achieving a differential increase in genetic merit, were also considered. In addition to aspects related to milk and carcase quality, there is a terri torial approach, such as the case of breeds that adapt to terminal crossbreeding and consider reproductive as pects. One of the final aspects considered is the conservation and valuation of local animals within conservation and improvement plans owing to their resistance and adaptation to temperature and altitude conditions
Abono líquido e insecticidas para el control de Spodoptera Frugiperda y rendimiento de maíz
(Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, 2022-11-08) Díaz chuquizuta, Percy; Hidalgo Meléndez, Edison; Aguirre Gil, Oniel Jeremías; Valdés Rodríguez, Ofelia Andrea
El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la respuesta de Spodoptera frugiperda y el rendimiento del maíz ante aplicaciones de abono líquido de origen bovino (Biol) con insecticidas biológicos y sintéticos. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con ocho tratamientos (control, Biol, Beauveria bassiana, aceite de Neem, Spinosad, Biol con B. bassiana, Biol con aceite de Neem y Biol con Spinosad). Se utilizó ANOVA y comparaciones de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05) para evaluar resultados. Los menores porcentajes de incidencia de S. frugiperda se obtuvieron con Spinosad ((20.40%) y Biol con Spinosad (12.87%); mientras que el control presentó una incidencia del 65.86% (p < 0.05). Los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron con Biol, aceite de Neem, Biol con B. bassiana y Biol con aceite de Neem, con 8.15, 7.97, 7.52 y 7.37 t ha−1,respectivamente (p ≥ 0.05);el menor rendimiento se obtuvo al aplicar Biol con Spinosad(p < 0.05).
Acaulospora aspera, a new fungal species in the Glomeromycetes from rhizosphere soils of the inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in Peru
(Julius Kühn-Institut, 2019-10-09) Corazon Guivin, Mike Anderson; Cerna Mendoza, Agustín; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos; Vallejos Tapullima, Adela; Carballar Hernández, Santos; Alves da Silva, Gladstone; Oehl, Fritz
A new fungal species of the Glomeromycetes, Acaulospora aspera, was isolated from the rhizosphere of the inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis) in San Martín State of Peru (Western Amazonia) and propagated in bait cultures on Sorghum spp., Brachiaria brizantha, Medicago sativa and P. volubilis as host plants. The fungus forms brownish yellow to yellow brown spores, (120-)135-195 × (120-)130 187 μm in diameter. The surface of the structural spore wall layer is crowded with small depressions, 0.4-0.7 μm in diameter, up to 0.8 μm deep, and only 1.1-1.8 apart, giving the spore surface a rough, washboardlike appearance, especially when the outermost, evanescent wall layer has disappeared. Phylogenetically, the new species is close to A. spinosissima, A. excavata and to other morphologically more similar species such as A. spinosa and A. tuberculata, which form spiny or tuberculate projections on the outermost, semi-persistent spore wall layer, or A. herrerae, A. kentinensis, A. scrobiculata and A. minuta, which on the structural spore wall layer all have more pronunced pits than A. aspera. In this study, also the name of A. spinosissima was validated, as it had been preliminary declared invalid because of a typing error in the diagnosis section of its original description.
Acaulospora flava, a new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus from Coffea arabica and Plukenetia volubilis plantations at the sources of the Amazon river in Peru
(Julius Kühn-Institut, 2021-08-06) Corazon Guivin, Mike Anderson; Vallejos Tapullima, Adela; De la Sota Ricaldi, Ana María; Cerna Mendoza, Agustín; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos; Santos, Viviane Monique; Da Silva, Glandstone Alves; Oehl, Fritz
A new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Acaulospora flava, was found in coffee (Coffea arabica) and inka nut (Plukenetia volubilis) plantations in the Amazonia region of San Martín State in Peru. The fungus was propagated in bait cultures on Sorghum vulgare, Brachiaria brizantha and Medicago sativa as host plants. It differentiates typical acaulosporoid spores laterally on sporiferous saccule necks. The spores are light yellow, bright yellow to yellow brown, (95-)105-160 × (95-)100-150 μm in diameter and have smooth spore surfaces. Phylogenetically, A. flava clusters in a well-separated clade, nearest to A. kentinensis, followed by A. herrerae, A. spinosissima, A. excavata and A. aspera, of which remarkably A. spinosissima, A. excavata and A. aspera had also been found in inka nut plantations of San Martín State during the last years. Here, we report also A. herrerae and A. fragilissima as fungal symbionts within the rhizosphere of coffee and the inka nut. The later two fungi had so far been recorded by concomitant morphological and molecular analyses only from tropical islands, A. herrerae from Cuba in the Golf of Mexico and A. fragilissima from New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean close to Australia. In this study, the ITS region of A. herrerae was analyzed for the first time and deposited in the public databases. In total, we already recovered fourteen Acaulospora species from coffee and inka nut plantations in San Martín State of Peru, suggesting that Acaulospora species are frequent and beneficial symbionts in coffee and inka nut roots in San Martín State of Peru.
Acciones para la caracterización y conservación del bovino criollo Peruano (Bos taurus)
(Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura - FAO, 2007-04-01) Rivas Seoane, Emma Rosa; Veli Rivera, Eudosio Amancio; Aquino Villasante, Yeny Natali; Rivas Palma, Victoria Esther; Pastor, Santiago; Estrada Zúniga, Rigoberto
Se describen las actividades de conservación y caracterización del bovino criollo peruano en el Instituto Nacional de Investigación y extensión Agraria (INIEA), las mismas que se han desarrollado con la activa interacción con las comunidades rurales de las regiones peruanas de Ancash, Apurímac, Ayacucho, Junín y Puno, dedicadas a la crianza de ganado criollo; en las comunidades también se llevaron a cabo trabajo de campo y charlas participativas sobre la conservación de sus morfotipos locales. Las actividades desarrolladas incluyen la caracterización morfológica y molecular empleando microsatélites y RFLP para detectar genotipos de proteínas lácteas (variantes de kappa caseínas y beta lactoglobulinas). Esta información será de utilidad para los programas de mejoramiento del bovino criollo peruano en las comunidades rurales.
Adaptability, Yield Stability, and Agronomic Performance of Improved Purple Corn (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Across Diverse Agro-Ecological Zones in Peru
(MDPI, 2025-12-25) Garcia Pando, Gilberto Arquimides; Montero Bances, Fernando; Torres Limascca, Maria Elena; Alvarez Contreras, Selwyn Omar; Vasquez Damiano, Wildo; Villantoy Palomino, Abraham; Ruiz, Yoel; Escobal Valencia, Fernando; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Purple corn (Zea mays L.) is a nutraceutical crop of increasing economic importance in Peru, yet its productivity is highly influenced by genotype × environment (G × E) interactions across heterogeneous agro-ecological zones. Therefore, selecting suitable genotypes for specific environments is essential to optimize variety deployment and maximize site-specific yield. Five purple-maize genotypes (INIA-601, INIA-615, Canteño, PMV-581, and Sintético-MM) were evaluated in four contrasting Peruvian sites using a randomized complete-block design. Grain yield, field weight, anthesis–silking interval (ASI), plant height, and ear-rot incidence were analyzed with combined analysis of variance (ANOVA), the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplots, Weighted Average of Absolute Scores (WAAS), weighted average of absolute scores and best yield index (WAASBY), and Y × WAAS indices. Environment accounted for 90.1% of field-weight variation (p < 0.0001) and 50.2% of grain-yield variation (p < 0.001), while significant G × E interactions (3.93% and 18.14%, respectively) justified bilinear modeling. AMMI1 and GGE "which-won-where" biplots identified INIA-615 and PMV-581 as broadly adapted, with INIA-615 achieving the highest WAASBY and positioning in quadrant IV of Y × WAAS (high yield, high stability). INIA-601 and Sintético-MM exhibited exceptional stability (low ASV) but moderate productivity; Canteño showed limited adaptability. Chumbibamba emerged as a key discriminating, high-productivity location. From an agronomic perspective, INIA-615 is recommended for high-productivity valleys such as Sulluscocha and Santa Rita, where its yield potential and stability are maximized. These findings underscore the potential of integrating multivariate stability metrics with physiological and disease-resistance traits to guide the selection of superior purple corn cultivars. Overall, INIA-615 represents a robust candidate for enhancing yield stability, supporting sustainable intensification, and expanding the nutraceutical value chain of purple corn in the Andean highlands.
Adapting agriculture to climate change: A synopsis of coordinated national crop wild relative seed collecting programs across five continents
(MDPI, 2022-07-13) Eastwood, Ruth J.; Tambam, Beri B.; Aboagye, Lawrence Misa; Akparov, Zeynal I.; Aladele, Sunday E.; Allen, Richard; Amri, Ahmed; Anglin, Noelle L.; Araya, Rodolfo; Arrieta Espinoza, Griselda; Asgerov, Aydin; Awang, Khadijah; Awas, Tesfaye; Barata, Ana Maria; Kwasi Boateng, Samuel; Magos Brehm, Joana; Breidy, Joelle; Breman, Elinor; Brenes Angulo, Arturo; Burle, Marília L.; Castañeda Álvarez, Nora P.; Casimiro, Pedro; Chaves, Néstor F.; Clemente, Adelaide S.; Cockel, Christopher P.; Davey, Alexandra; De la Rosa, Lucía; Debouck, Daniel G.; Dempewolf, Hannes; Dokmak, Hiba; Ellis, David; Faruk, Aisyah; Freitas, Cátia; Galstyan, Sona; García, Rosa M.; Ghimire, Krishna H.; Guarino, Luigi; Harker, Ruth; Hope, Roberta; Humphries, Alan W.; Jamora, Nelissa; Ahmad Jatoi, Shakeel; Khutsishvili, Manana; Kikodze, David; Kyratzis, Angelos C.; León Lobos, Pedro; Liu, Udayangani; Mainali, Ram P.; Mammadov, Afig T.; Manrique Carpintero, Norma C.; Manzella, Daniele; Mohd Shukri, Mat Ali; Medeiros, Marcelo B.; Mérida Guzmán, María A.; Mikatadze Pantsulaia, Tsira; Ibrahim Mohamed, El Tahir; Monteros Altamirano, Álvaro; Morales, Aura; Müller, Jonas V.; Mulumba, John W.; Nersesyan, Anush; Nóbrega, Humberto; Nyamongo, Desterio O.; Obreza, Matija; Okere, Anthony U.; Orsenigo, Simone; Ortega Klose, Fernando; Papikyan, Astghik; Pearce, Timothy R.; Pinheiro de Carvalho, Miguel A. A.; Prohens, Jaime; Rossi, Graziano; Salas, Alberto; Singh Shrestha, Deepa; Uddin Siddiqui, Sadar; Smith, Paul P.; Sotomayor Melo, Diego Alejandro; Tacán, Marcelo; Tapia, César; Toledo, Álvaro; Toll, Jane; Vu, Dang Toan; Tuong, Dang Vu; Way, Michael J.; Yazbek, Mariana; Zorrilla Cisneros, Cinthya; Kilian, Benjamin
The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change Project set out to improve the diversity, quantity, and accessibility of germplasm collections of crop wild relatives (CWR). Between 2013 and 2018, partners in 25 countries, heirs to the globetrotting legacy of Nikolai Vavilov, undertook seed collecting expeditions targeting CWR of 28 crops of global significance for agriculture. Here, we describe the implementation of the 25 national collecting programs and present the key results. A total of 4587 unique seed samples from at least 355 CWR taxa were collected, conserved ex situ, safety duplicated in national and international genebanks, and made available through the Multilateral System (MLS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty). Collections of CWR were made for all 28 targeted crops. Potato and eggplant were the most collected genepools, although the greatest number of primary genepool collections were made for rice. Overall, alfalfa, Bambara groundnut, grass pea and wheat were the genepools for which targets were best achieved. Several of the newly collected samples have already been used in pre-breeding programs to adapt crops to future challenges.
Addressing challenges in promoting the use of animal-origin textile fibers for mitigating microplastic pollution on earth
(MedCrave Group, 2023-11-27) Frank, Eduardo Narciso; Hick, Michel Victor Hubert; Flores Gutiérrez, Alfonso; Castillo, Maria Flavia; Prieto, Alejandro; Castillo, Melina; Gomez, Maria Betina; Martinez, Adrian; Mamani Cato, Ruben Herberht; Seghetti Frondizi, Diego
The aim of this review is to address the issue of textile-origin microplastics and to provide possible solutions that can be propose through a scientific and development program. The constant expansion of textile production and consumption, driven by population growth and the ubiquity of fast fashion, has triggered environmental contamination resulting from the release of fiber fragments during the washing and use of clothing and household textiles. These fragments, ranging in size from 1 μm to 5 mm, pose a novel source of pollution that not only threatens the health of aquatic animals when ingested but also risks human food safety by infiltrating the food chain. Despite the growing awareness of the environmental impacts of these plastic microfibers (MP) from synthetic textiles, this study departs from conventional actions focused on mitigating microplastic pollution. Instead, it focuses on proposing specific measures to reduce MP emissions and addresses the even greater challenge of replacing these plastic microfibers with animal-origin textile fibers. This approach emerges as a promising and sustainable alternative to counteract the negative environmental impact of the contemporary fashion industry. The essence of this challenge lies in determining the competitiveness of animal-origin textile fibers against MP. To achieve this goal, specific actions are proposed, including the need to reduce both the environmental impact and costs associated with processing animal fibers. The study also emphasizes the importance of effectively highlighting the biological and textile advantages of these fibers to encourage their acceptance and adoption in the competitive textile market. This project addresses concrete strategies to promote the use of animal-origin textile fibers. It suggests optimizing the cleaning process and genetically improving these fibers, considering key aspects such as quality and color. The research also highlights the potential contribution to sustainability certification and well-being associated with the use of animal-origin textile fibers, providing a solid foundation for their adoption in the textile industry. In conclusion, this work not only departs from traditional measures focused on microplastics to address MP release but ventures into more ambitious territory by proposing increased use of animal-origin textile fibers as a path to a more sustainable fashion. Specific actions are outlined to enhance the competitiveness of these fibers in the current market, emphasizing their potential contribution to reducing textile pollution and thus strengthening the transition to more environmentally responsible practices in the fashion industry.
The advance of Fusarium wilt tropical race 4 in Musaceae of Latin America and the Caribbean: Current situation
(MDPI, 2023-02-08) Martínez, Gustavo; Olivares, Barlin Orlando; Rey, Juan Carlos; Rojas Llanque, Juan Carlos; Cardenas, Jaime; Muentes, Carlos; Dawson, Carolina
The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (syn. Fusarium odoratissimum) (Foc TR4) causes vascular wilt in Musaceae plants and is considered the most lethal for these crops. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), it was reported for the first time in Colombia (2019), later in Peru (2021), and recently declared in Venezuela (2023). This work aimed to analyze the evolution of Foc TR4 in Musaceae in LAC between 2018 and 2022. This perspective contains a selection of topics related to Foc TR4 in LAC that address and describe (i) the threat of Foc TR4 in LAC, (ii) a bibliometric analysis of the scientific production of Foc TR4 in LAC, (iii) the current situation of Foc TR4 in Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, (iv) medium-term prospects in LAC member countries, and (v) export trade and local food security. In this study, the presence of Foc TR4 in Venezuela and the possible consequences of the production of Musaceae in the long term were reported for the first time. In conclusion, TR4 is a major threat to banana production in Latin America and the world, and it is important to take measures to control the spread of the fungus and minimize its impact on the banana industry. It is important to keep working on the control of Foc TR4, which requires the participation of the local and international industry, researchers, and consumers, among others, to prevent the disappearance of bananas.
Advancing Sustainable Wheat Production in the Andes Through Biofertilization with Azospirillum, Trichoderma and Fermented Anchovy-Based Under Rainfed Conditions
(MDPI, 2026-01-13) Villegas Carrasco, Edwin Raúl; Escobal Valencia, Fernando; Tejada Campos, Toribio Nolberto; Piña Díaz, Peter Chris; Cántaro Segura, Hector Baroni; Díaz Morales, Luis Alberto; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sustains global caloric intake, but its productivity in Andean highlands is constrained by soil fertility and input reliance. This study represents one of the first field-based evaluations of biofertilizers under high-altitude, rainfed Andean conditions, addressing a major knowledge gap in low-input mountain agroecosystems. This study evaluated three seed-applied biofertilizers—Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma viride (Trichomax), and an anchovy (Engraulis ringens) based liquid biofertilizer, compared with an untreated control and a soil-test mineral fertilization benchmark in rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. INIA 405 in the central Andes of Peru. A 5 × 5 Latin square design (25 plots) was established under farmer-realistic conditions. At physiological maturity (Zadoks 9.5), plant height, spike length, grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, test weight, root dry mass, and grain yield were recorded. Mineral fertilization achieved the highest yield (1.20 ± 0.79 t ha⁻¹), nearly doubling the control (0.60 ± 0.47 t ha⁻¹). Notably, A. brasilense delivered an intermediate yield of 0.90 ± 0.64 t ha⁻¹, representing a 50% increase over the control—accompanied by a marked rise in root dry mass. T. viride and the anchovy-based input yielded 0.85 ± 0.59 and 0.81 ± 0.59 t ha⁻¹, respectively. Grain physical quality remained stable across treatments (thousand-grain weight ≈ 42 g; test weight 68–75 kg hL⁻¹). Trait responses were complementary: root dry mass increased with mineral fertilization and A. brasilense, whereas spike length increased with mineral fertilization and the anchovy-based input. Overall, the evidence supports biofertilizers, particularly A. brasilense, as effective complements that enable partial fertilizer substitution within integrated nutrient-management strategies for sustainable wheat production in Andean rainfed systems.
Age-dependent changes in protist and fungal microbiota in a peruvian cattle genetic nucleus
(MDPI, 2024-08-14) Estrada Cañari, Richard; Romero Avila, Yolanda Madelein; Quilcate Pairazamán, Carlos Enrique; Dipaz Berrocal, Deisy Juana; Alejos Asencio, Carol Silvia; León Trinidad, Silvia Eliana; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Rojas, Diorman; Alvarado Chuqui, Wigoberto; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Arbizu, Carlos Irvin
In this research, the connection between age and microbial diversity in cattle was explored, revealing significant changes in both protist diversity and fungal microbiota composition with age. Using fecal samples from 21 Simmental cattle, microbial communities were analyzed through 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Results indicated significant differences in alpha protist diversity among the three age groups, while fungal composition varied notably with age and was linked to hematological parameters. Despite the stability of fungal alpha diversity, compositional changes suggest the gut as a stable niche for microbial colonization influenced by diet, clinical parameters, and microbial interactions. All cattle were maintained on a consistent diet, tailored to meet the specific nutritional needs of each age group. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding age-related microbial dynamics to enhance livestock management and animal health, contributing to broader ecological and biomedical research. This study was limited by the lack of comprehensive metabolic analyses correlating microbiota changes with specific age-related variations, indicating a need for further research in this área.
Agricultural research and extension: trends and challenges in Peru and around the world (2015–2025)
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025-12-17) Olano Camán, Yadhira Milagros; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Alvarez Robledo, Yeltsin Abel; Chuquibala Checan, Beimer; Arce Inga, Marielita; Tafur Culqui, Josué; Fernandez Zárate, Franklin Hitler; García Frias, Larry Dustin; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Ganoza Roncal, Jorge Juan; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Agricultural extension, understood as producer-oriented guidance, is vital for driving technology adoption and sector development. This systematic review (2015–2025) examines global and national trends in agricultural research and extension, witha particular focus on Peru's policy landscape. Internationally, the U.S.A., China, and Europe are identified as leaders in scientific innovation, while Brazil excels regionally through its integrated approach to research, innovation, and extension. Agricultural research is still centralized in Lima on a national level, but expanding capability in areas like Amazonas, Junín, and Puno emphasizes how urgently decentralization is needed. By comparing national research output with MIDAGRI’s Agrarian Development Plan 2021–2030 and relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the study reveals strong thematic alignment in innovation, food security, and climate adaptation. Crucially, however, significant shortcomings are identified in governance and the effective inclusion of small-scale producers. Based on these findings, this study recommends strengthening decentralized R&D investment, fostering interregional research networks, and promoting strategic collaboration among universities, local governments, and rural communities. Ensuring the active participation of producers in the innovation cycle is essential for building a more inclusive, resilient, and effective agricultural extension system aligned with sustainable development goals.
Agricultural reuse of the digestate from low-cost tubular digesters in rural Andean communities
(El Sevier, 2011-09-07) Garfí, Marianna; Gelman, Pau; Comas, Jordi; Carrasco Chilón, William Leoncio; Ferrer, Ivet
This research aimed at assessing the properties of guinea pig manure digestate from low-cost tubular digesters for crops fertilization in rural Andean communities. To this end, field trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of the digestate on two common Andean crops: potato (Solanum tuberosum) and forage (Lolium multiflorum and Trifolium pratense L.). The potato yield (20–25 t ha−1) increased by 27.5% with digestate, by 15.1% with pre-compost and by 10.3% with the mixture, compared to the control. The forage yield (20–21 t ha−1) increased by 1.4% with digestate – 50% dose, and by 8.8% with digestate – 100% dose and digestate – 150% dose, compared to the control. The results suggest that the digestate is an appropriate substitute of manure pre-compost for potato fertilization. The results with forage indicate that it can be applied in a range of doses, according to the amount produced by the digester. Currently, manure is either used for cooking or as fertilizer. With low-cost tubular digesters implementation, it could be used to feed the digester, using the digestate for crops fertilization and biogas for cooking; improving household living conditions and protecting the environment. Since soil properties in rural Andean communities differ from experimental layouts, the effect of fertilizers should be re-evaluated in-situ in future research studies.
Agro-morphological characteristics and sensory evaluation of native peruvian chili peppers
(David Publishing Company, 2016-09-28) Patel, Kirti; Calderon, Rosa; Asencios, Edgard; Vilchez Palomino, Dioliza; Marcelo Salvador, Mavel Nansi; Rojas, Rosario
In this work, 31 native Peruvian chili peppers were evaluated for their agro-morphological characteristics and sensory attributes. The descriptive sensory analysis (DSA) was used to evaluate the 31 chili pepper samples based on their acid, bell pepper, sweet, tomato, apple, citrus, fruity, herbal, oregano and passion fruit attributes. The data obtained from the DSA enabled the grouping of these 31 chili peppers into six groups based on their different sensory attributes, such as fruity, bell pepper and herbal. The most abundant group (12 of the 31) had the bell pepper, apple, herbal, fruity and sweet attributes. Each group contained different species and different physical appearances, indicating that species or different forms of chili pepper do not define that sensory attribute. Considering the fact that Peruvian peppers are in high demand, the results achieved would be useful for growers, producers and chefs, as well as for further breeding activities.
Agro-morphological characterization and diversity analysis of Coffea arabica germplasm collection from INIA, Peru
(John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2023-06-06) Paredes Espinosa, Richard; Gutiérrez Reynoso, Dina Lida; Atoche Garay, Diego Fernando; Mansilla Córdova, Pedro Javier ; Abad Romaní, Yudi Gertrudis; Girón Aguilar, Rita Carolina; Flores Torres, Itala; Montañez Artica, Ana Gabriela; Arbizu Berrocal, Carlos Irvin; Amasifuen Guerra, Carlos Alberto; Maicelo Quintana, Jorge Luis; Poemape Tuesta, Carlos Augusto; Guerrero Abad, Juan Carlos
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plays a major role in the economy of Peru and the world. The present study aims to elucidate the agro-morphological variability of coffee genotypes maintained in the INIA´s germplasm collection. Therefore, 20 vegetative, reproductive, and phytosanitary traits of 162 coffee accessions of INIA’s germplasm collection were evaluated and analyzed. Correlation results indicate that a simultaneous selection of characters, such as number of branches per plant, number of nodes per branch, leaf area and weight of a hundred fruits, can contribute to increase coffee yields. Additionally, coffee yield was negatively correlated with the incidence and severity of coffee leaf rust, and interestingly the occurrence of small and compact coffee plants with high resistance to the disease was also found. The analysis of Tocher and Mahalanobis D2 determined the formation of 10 groups of divergent coffee accessions; where clusters 1 (accession codes 20, 29, 38, 54, 67, 71, 117, 24, 26 and 27), 5 (accession codes 46 and 53), 9 (accession code 159), and 10 (accession code 203) group promising accessions that can be used in breeding programs. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that at least five of its principal components managed to explain 70.01% of the total variation in the collection. Finally, the high coefficients obtained for the phenotypic, genotypic and heritability variation confirm the existence of additive genes in the evaluated population, that would ensure the success of coffee breeding programs based on the selection of traits of agronomic importance.
Agro-morphological characterization of tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet) accessions using descriptors and spectral metrics derived from UAVs
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, 2025-12-22) Peña Elme, Eunice Corcas; Ortega Quispe, Kevin Abner; Enriquez Pinedo, Lucía Carolina; Cerrón Mercado, Francis Gladys; Amaro Camarena, Nery Amelia; Girón Aguilar, Rita Carolina; Loayza Loza, Hildo; Pizarro Carcausto, Samuel
Tarwi (Lupinus mutabilis S.) is a legume native to the Andes, recognized for its high nutritional value, which gives it great potential in food security programs. Therefore, understanding and advancing the conservation of its morphological diversity is essential. In this study, 140 accessions from the national germplasm collection of the National Institute of Agrarian Innovation of Peru were evaluated, along with two cultivars ("INIA 445 Masacanchino" and "Andenes 90"). A traditional agro-morphological characterization was conducted using 16 quantitative and 40 qualitative descriptors, complemented by phenological data obtained from time series of reflectance indices generated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Additionally, a principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to select the most relevant variables, and a clustering analysis along with a dendrogram was developed to classify the accessions. The results revealed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in terms of inflorescence length, number of pods on the main axis, number of primary branches, and yield per plant. Likewise, the morphological groups exhibited variations in phenophases derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Four morphological groups were identified: group 3 (G3) showed the highest growth rate followed by a decline, while group 4 (G4) stood out for its highest initial growth rate. Furthermore, the observed homogeneous phenological conditions indicated that groups 1 (G1) and 4 (G4) matured earlier, making them promising candidates for selection. These findings demonstrate the wide genetic variability of tarwi, which can be exploited in breeding programs for the development of new cultivars. Thus, the study highlights the importance of morphological characterization in understanding the variability of an understudied crop such as tarwi, contributing to conservation and promoting its protection and sustainability.

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