Artículos científicos

URI permanente para esta colecciónhttps://repositorio.inia.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12955/8

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Native halotolerant consortia modulate soil–plant interactions under moderate salinity
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2026-03-02) Palomino Arias, Mickel; Salazar Coronel, Wilian; Paredes Jacinto, Juan Carlos; Rivas, Johan; Muñoz Leiva, Yulissa Marisol; Aldava Pardave, Uriel; Jaramillo Carrión, María; Valladolid Suyón, Esteban; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Soil salinity is a major limitation for rice production in arid regions, reducing plant growth, yield, and grain quality. This study assessed the effect of halotolerant strains of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas putida on the growth, productivity, and soil chemical properties of Oryza sativa L. INIA 515 'Capoteña' under initial soil salinity of 4.75 dS m⁻¹. Eight treatments were evaluated, including bacterial consortia, and non-inoculated control. The selected strains exhibited high salt tolerance, with B. subtilis BacF and P. putida P4 growing at up to 10% NaCl. Although most physiological and agronomic variables did not differ significantly among treatments, treatment T5 (BacF + P4) showed a moderate tendency towards better values, particularly in panicle number, aerial biomass, total biomass, grain yield, and SPAD across the growth cycle. At the edaphic level, T5 significantly increased soil pH and promoted a slightly synergistic mobilisation of K, Mg, and Na. Structural equation modelling indicated that magnesium strongly enhanced total plant biomass, while organic matter positively influenced grain yield. These findings indicate that native halotolerant consortia may influence soil–plant interactions under controlled conditions, but agronomic benefits remain limited and require field validation.
Spatial Modelling of Soil Quality and Lime Requirement for Precision Management in Humid Tropical Coffee Systems
(MDPI, 2026-02-25) Díaz Chuquizuta, Henry; Mejia Maita, Sharon Yahaira; Mercado Chinchay, Ruth Lizbeth; Arroyo Julca, Michell Karolay; Ore Valeriano, Ruddy Adely; Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Manrique Gonzales, Luis Fernando; Sánchez Ojanasta, Martín; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando
Soil heterogeneity and acidity are major constraints to Coffea arabica production in the Amazonian soils of Peru. This study developed a spatial predictive framework that integrates a weighted Soil Quality Index (SQIw) and geostatistical modelling (Regression–Kriging and Ordinary Kriging) to estimate lime requirements (LRs) and delineate management zones. A total of 69 coffee-cultivated soil samples were analysed, and spectral information (NDVI) was incorporated to estimate relative yield (RR). Multivariate analysis defined a Minimum Data Set (MDS) composed of exchangeable Na, available P, pH and silt percentage; the highest weights were assigned to P (Wi = 0.292) and pH (Wi = 0.276). SQIw exhibited wide variability (0.01–0.87; CV = 51.8%) and was grouped into five classes, with low (43.5%)- and very low (21.7%)-quality classes predominating. SQIw showed a strong relationship with RR (r = 0.64). Geostatistical models performed differently between localities: in Nuevo Huancabamba, Regression–Kriging improved prediction accuracy (SQIw: R² = 0.58; LR: R² = 0.396), whereas in San José de Sisa, Ordinary Kriging provided better fits only for LRs (R² = 0.32). Nuevo Huancabamba is dominated by moderate-to-high-quality soils (87.29%; SQIw > 0.6) and low lime requirements (74.94%; <0.84 t ha⁻¹), in contrast with San José de Sisa, where low-quality soils prevail (89.45%; SQIw < 0.4) alongside high LRs (75.26%; 2.54–7.13 t ha⁻¹). The resulting maps enable targeted interventions—precision liming and focused P fertilisation—to correct acidity and phosphorus deficiency, thereby improving input-use efficiency and enhancing the sustainability of Amazonian coffee systems.
Optimizing maize yield and nutritional quality through synergistic use of guinea pig manure and mineral fertilization: a sustainable approach for coastal Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-25) Calero Rios, Emilee Nahomi; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Vallejos Torres, Geomar
Introduction: Excessive reliance on mineral fertilizers in maize cultivation has raised environmental concerns, highlighting the need for more sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the effects of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus L.) manure and the application of N, P and K fertilizers on the yield and nutritional quality of hybrid maize grown in the central Peruvian coast. Methods: A split-plot design with three replications, was implemented, testing four manure doses (0, 2, 5, 10 t ha⁻¹) in combination with four mineral fertilizer levels (0, 50, 75, and 100% of recommended N, P and K). Results: The 5 t ha⁻¹ manure + 75% mineral fertilizer treatment achieved the highest yield (8.82 t ha⁻¹), representing a 28.38% increase relative to the full mineral fertilization treatment, accompanied by a grain weight of 152.80 g and an ear weight of 171.31 g. Nutritional quality peaked at 5 t ha⁻¹ manure + 100% mineral fertilizer, with 7.85% protein and 363 kcal 100 g⁻¹ energy content. Multivariate analysis revealed strong positive correlations between combined organic-mineral inputs and key productivity parameters. These findings demonstrate that the strategic integration of 5 t ha⁻¹ of guinea pig manure with a 25% reduction in mineral fertilization (i.e., 75% of the recommended dose) enhanced both grain yield and nutritional value. Discussion: This combination offers a practical, cost-effective pathway for smallholder farmers to improve yellow maize production under coastal Peruvian conditions while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. These results demonstrate a clear synergistic interaction between organic and mineral fertilization, leading to improved crop productivity under conditions of limited soil organic matter in the coastal soils of Peru. This finding supports the use of guinea pig manure as a sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural input.
Geospatial distribution of cadmium in soil profiles of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantations in the Peruvian Amazon basin
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-25) Vallejos Torres, Geomar; Chuchon Remon, Rodolfo Juan; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Marín, César; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Introduction: Cacao plants can translocate heavy metals from the soil to vegetative tissues, potentially leading to concentrations that exceed maximum permissible limits. This study aimed to analyze the geospatial distribution of cadmium (Cd) in soil profiles of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantations in the Amazon basin of Peru. Methods: The research was conducted in the localities of Jeberillos, Arahuante, and Luz del Oriente, within the department of Loreto. In each locality, 10 plots of 100 m² were selected, totaling 30 plots. Cd concentrations and physicochemical soil parameters were evaluated. Results: In cacao soils from Luz del Oriente at 0–30 cm depth, Cd concentrations averaged 1.11 ± 0.26 mg.kg⁻¹, representing the highest values; whereas the lowest average was recorded in Arahuante at the same depth, with 0.61 ± 0.15 mg.kg⁻¹. Cd levels in Luz del Oriente cacao soils (0–30 cm) were above the average among all localities, while Jeberillos and Arahuante soils showed comparatively lower Cd levels. Discussion: Overall, Cd in cacao soils was found to be strongly associated with edaphic factors such as pH, texture, effective cation exchange capacity (CEC), and cation composition. The maps represented the spatial distribution of the metal and guided the identification of potential accumulation zones. These findings provide essential insights for guiding agricultural management decision-making, environmental monitoring, and metal contamination risk assessment in cacao-growing areas and other agrarian systems in the Peruvian Amazon basin.
Caracterización de la calidad nutricional de 10 variedades de maíz con destino forrajero en Tarapoto
(Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSM), Tarapoto, Perú, 2025-07-20) Torres García, Sheila Rosy; Rojas Vásquez, Zulema; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo; Salazar Ramos, Iris; Terán Piña, Julio Cesar; Gutiérrez Arce, Felipe Baltazar; Cervantes Peralta, Marieta Eliana; Roque Alcarraz, Roberto Edgardo
La investigación tuvo como propósito caracterizar y evaluar la calidad nutricional de diez variedades de maíz forrajero en Tarapoto mediante una parcela experimental y un diseño aleatorizado con cuatro repeticiones. Se midieron FDN, FDA, PB, H, MS, EE y FB. El efecto varietal se analizó con ANOVA (p<0,05) y comparación de medias de Tukey; entre partes de planta (tallo y hoja–mazorca) se aplicó t de Student. Los supuestos se verificaron con Shapiro-Wilk y Bartlett. Los resultados evidenciaron un buen porcentaje de materia seca para la mayoría de las variedades estudiadas; así mismo, respecto al porcentaje de Proteína, la variedad "INIA–617 Chuska" presentó mayor nivel de este nutriente (7.83 %). En la Humedad, la variedad INIA–616 presentó la mayor concentración de este indicador (60.39 %). Para FDN, las variedades "INIA–617 Chuska" (65.36 %), DK-399 (65.11 %), M-28 (66.26 %) y Pionner (65.61 %) fueron las que presentaron mayor concentración. Además, no se observaron diferencias en cuanto a la Fibra Bruta (p=0.0748) y la Fibra Detergente Ácido. Por otro lado, la mazorca del maíz presentó mejores niveles de proteína y materia seca, en comparación a la hoja más tallo.
Características físicas y composición de ácidos grasos de las especies palma americana (Elaeis oleifera), palma africana (E. guineensis) y su híbrido palma OxG
(Universidad Tecnológica de los Andes (UTEA), 2026-01-10) Sotero Solís, Víctor; Velazco Castro, Ena Vilma; Monteiro Temmerman, Úrsula; Castro Muñoz, Cindy Paola; Muñoz Espino, Juana; Camacho Villalobos, Alina Alexandra; García de Sotero, Dora; Sotero García, Miguel
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las características físicas y composición del aceite de las especies E. oleífera, E. guineensis y su hibrido palma OxG. Se codificaron cinco frutos de E. oleífera, procedente de la Estación genealógica del Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria de Pucallpa (INIA). Se determinaron, longitud y diámetro; se analizaron humedad, proteína cruda y cenizas (peso seco). La extracción del aceite de pulpa y cascara según método de Soxhlet; el análisis de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gas. El peso de los frutos varió de 9,3 g a 10,8 g y la nuez de 4,5 a 6,3 g. La concentración de pulpa y cascara fluctuó entre 1,23 g a 2,3 g y la concentración de aceite, de 27 a 65 %; proteínas, de 8,5 a 12,9 %, ambas en peso seco. Los ácidos grasos con mayor concentración en el aceite de las especies evaluadas fueron oleico (42,8 – 62,8 %) y palmítico (28,2- 45,2 %).
Fertigation with Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus subtilis: impact on growth and productivity of off-season quinoa grown in coastal Peru
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-18) Quello Huamani, Antony Arturo; Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Flores Marquez, Ricardo; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a nutritionally valuable crop adapted to adverse agroclimatic conditions, but its production in arid regions such as the Peruvian coast is limited by water scarcity, low soil fertility, and heat stress. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria from Pseudomonas and Bacillus offer a sustainable strategy to improve growth and yield. This study evaluated the impact of fertigation with Pseudomonas putida (P3 strain) and Bacillus subtilis (BacF strain) on the growth and yield of the Salcedo INIA quinoa variety cultivated out of season under arid environment. A split-plot design was implemented, in which the main-plot factor was microbial inoculation [inoculated (+) vs. non-inoculated (−)], while the subplot factor was synthetic fertilization (75% vs. 100% of the recommended NPK dose). Inoculation was performed at two time points during the crop cycle at a concentration of 1 × 10⁹ CFU mL⁻¹, whereas fertigation was applied at four-day intervals. Rhizobacterial inoculation significantly improved plant biometric characteristics, resulting in a 12% increase in dry biomass accumulation. Photosynthetic capacity increased, as indicated by higher leaf area index and SPAD values than uninoculated plants. Thus, the main effect of inoculation was the significant increase of yield potential (i.e. panicle weight increasing by 12% and thousand-grain weight increasing by 19%) with yield improvements significant at both fertilization levels. Despite these positive effects, high temperatures (>30 °C) during the growing season limited commercial yields [(+)100%: 2.20 ± 0.30 t ha⁻¹, (+)75%: 1.42 ± 0.19 t ha⁻¹, (-)100%: 1.50 ± 0.30 t ha⁻¹, (+)75%: 1.02 ± 0.13 t ha⁻¹]. This reduction is likely due to heat stress during flowering, which may have compromised pollen viability and grain set efficiency. The findings suggest that P. putida (P3 strain) and B. subtilis (BacF strain) are promising biotechnological tools for improving quinoa productivity in arid climates.
Mathematical Models for Studying Growth of Retrophyllum rospigliosii in Agroforestry Systems with Coffee: A Case Study in Northern Peru
(MDPI, 2026-02-14) Oblitas Troyes, Jhon Franklin; Ocaña Zúñiga, Candy Lisbeth; Quiñones Huatangari, Lenin; Sánchez Fuentes, Teiser; Atalaya Marin, Nilton; Gómez Fernández, Darwin; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Romerillo (Retrophyllum rospigliosii), a vulnerable conifer native to the cloud forests of Cajamarca, Peru, persists in small remnants at high altitudes in San Ignacio province, where its integration into agroforestry systems may support both conservation and sustainable production. This study aimed to model the growth of R. rospigliosii associated with coffee (Coffea arabica L.) using diameter and height as indicators. Field data were collected over 18 months in two experimental plots and the study analyzed 329 individuals selected from 600 initially planted, with monthly monitoring to evaluate early growth and survival dynamics. The data were analyzed with nonlinear mathematical models, including Schumacher, Chapman–Richards, and Weibull, with model selection based on goodness-of-fit and prediction statistics such as R², AIC, and BIC. Results showed that Schumacher provided the best performance for height (R² = 0.98, AIC = 27,978.54), while Weibull (R² = 0.80, AIC = 27,204.63) and Chapman–Richards (R² = 0.80, AIC = 27,207.97) also yielded consistent estimates. For diameter, Schumacher was the most accurate (R² = 0.92, AIC = 2627.87). Survival analysis revealed significant differences between plots (p = 0.011), with higher survival at 1820 m (87.8% at 18 months) compared to 1540 m (77.3%). These findings indicate that the Schumacher model is most suitable for growth estimation, while altitude plays a critical role in survival, underscoring its importance in establishing R. rospigliosii within coffee-based agroforestry systems.
Assessing soil and native high Andean grassland quality under grazing: A case study from the wet Puna of Peru
(John Wiley & Sons Australia, 2026-02-13) Arias Arredondo, Alberto Gilmer; Pérez Porras, Wendy Elizabeth; Lastra Paucar, Sphyros Roomel; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Solórzano Acosta, Richard Andi; Turín Canchaya, Cecilia Claudia
High Andean grasslands are vulnerable to changes in their nutritional quality and carbon sequestration capacity, especially in grazing systems. This study evaluated soil quality and native grasses by measuring carbon, physicochemical parameters, and the nutritional quality of predominant species in the wet Puna of Junín, Peru. Significant differences were found in carbon storage and nutritional quality across different grazing grassland sites. Soil carbon levels were consistently high across all sites, with significant concentrations at San Pedro de Cajas (14.26% ± 11.7%; p < 0.05), and its carbon stock (210.7 ± 111.3 Mg/ha) exceeded that of Junín (+68%) and Ulcumayo (+107%). Also, the flat topography at this site is presumed to have influenced its soil fertility. No adverse relationship was observed between carbon content and animal units, regardless of continuous or rotational grazing system, and a strong negative Pearson correlation (r = 0.84) between total carbon and bulk density indicated the prevalence of organic materials and no soil compaction. It emphasizes how landscape features affect soil quality and ecosystem processes. The protein content of key species exhibited a strong Pearson correlation with plant phosphorus (r = 0.93), digestible organic matter (DOM), and metabolizable energy (ME; r = 0.75). The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed that plant functional traits are driven by chemical and physical gradients, underscoring the combined effects of nutrient availability and site constraints on pasture productivity and forage quality. Among native grasses, Cebadilla (Calamagrostis vicunarum [Wedd.] Pilg.) emerged as the most favorable option for animal nutrition and exhibited a significantly higher crude protein content (8.23% ± 0.89%), Metabolizable energy value (8.16 MJ/kg), and C/N ratio (~40). Future research should focus on linking soil and forage quality with animal physiological responses to improve understanding of grazing impacts and guide sustainable management in high-altitude grasslands.
Co-infection with bovine herpesvirus type 1 and bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle in Cajamarca, Peru: A seroprevalence study
(College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, 2026-01-01) Bazán Arce, José Luis; Caruajulca, V.; Mendo, M.; Coronado, J.; Ramos, J.; Tayca Saldaña, Antony; Alvarez Garcia, Wuesley Yusmein; Quilcate Pairazaman, Carlos Enrique; Chavez, J.; Alvarado, W.; Cueva Rodríguez, Medali
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) are among the most important pathogens affecting dairy cattle, causing significant economic losses worldwide. The present study determined the seroprevalence of IBR (Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis) and BLV in dairy herds in Cajamarca, Peru. A total of 464 animals were sampled, and the presence of antibodies against BoHV1 and BLV was determined using commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) kits. Among the sampled animals, the overall seroprevalence was 8.84% (95% CI: 0.5–35.12) for BoHV1 and 7.54% (95% CI: 5.13–9.95) for BLV. The highest BLV seroprevalence was observed in Cajamarca (23.68%), while no positive cases were detected in four provinces. Regarding BoHV1 seroprevalence, it was highest in Cajamarca (26.32%) and Santa Cruz (28.13%), with no cases detected in five of the ten provinces evaluated. This indicates that seroprevalence rates varied among the different provinces studied.. Furthermore, 3.66% (95% CI: 1.95-5.38) of the animals tested positive for both BoHV1 and BLV, indicating that they were infected with both viruses simultaneously. The study found that BoHV1 and BLV infections are widespread in numerous provinces of the Cajamarca region, making it necessary to undertake control programmes to prevent the further spread of those two viruses in bovine
Productive potential of three Urochloa hybrids in low-fertility soils of the Peruvian Amazon
(De Gruyter, 2026-02-09) Durand Chávez, Luz Marlene; Arévalo Aranda, Yuri Ghandi; Vásquez Tarrillo, Ronald Will; Torres Jara, Giovanna P.; Díaz Chuquizuta, Percy; Padilla Macedo, Betsabeth T.
Tropical livestock production relies on the availability of adapted forages capable of sustaining productivity under limiting soil conditions. This study evaluated the performance of three Urochloa hybrids grown in low-fertility soils of a seasonally dry tropical forest in the Peruvian Amazon. The experiment was conducted at the Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir–INIA under a randomized complete block design with three replications and five consecutive harvests at 60-day intervals. Soil characteristics and Growth, yield, productive, and quality parameters were evaluated. Rotational harvesting improved soil properties, including organic matter and nutrient availability. During the initial harvests Cobra showed better growth and yield performance; however, Mavuno and Mulato II surpassed it at later stages, especially in fresh and dry matter yield. In the fourth and fifth harvests, Mavuno achieved the highest production (32.10 and 32.94 t ha⁻¹ of fresh matter, and 7.65 and 7.18 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter), followed by Mulato II (28.82 and 29.15 t ha⁻¹ of fresh matter, and 6.73 and 6.70 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter), both significantly better than Cobra (20.51 and 21.51 t ha⁻¹ of fresh matter, and 5.00 and 5.16 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter). Annual carrying capacity was highest for Mavuno (3.72 TLU ha⁻¹⸱year⁻¹), followed by Mulato II (3.41 TLU ha⁻¹⸱year⁻¹) and Cobra (2.97 TLU ha⁻¹⸱year⁻¹). The protein contents of Mavuno (9.61 g⸱kg⁻¹) and Mulato II (9.54 g⸱kg⁻¹) were significantly higher than that of Cobra (6.33 g⸱kg⁻¹). Mavuno and Mulato II hybrids have proven to be promising forage alternatives for sustainable livestock systems in seasonally dry tropical conditions.
Varietal Identification and Yield Estimation in Potatoes Using UAV RGB Imagery in the Southern Highlands of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-02-12) Tueros Munive, Miguel Luis; Galindo Sánchez, Malú Massiel; Alvarez Martínez, Jean; Pozo Huacha, Jesús; Condezo Márquez, Patricia Kelly; Gutierrez Ruti, Rusbel; Bautista Gómez, Rolando; Mateu Mateo, Walter Rolando; Paitamala Campos, Omar; Matsusaka Quiliano, Daniel Claudio
The cultivation of potatoes is essential for rural food security, and the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Red-Green-Blue (UAV-RGB) imagery allows for precise and cost-effective estimation of yield and identification of varieties, overcoming the limitations of manual assessment. We evaluated four INIA varieties (Bicentenario, Canchán, Shulay and Tahuaqueña) by integrating agronomic measurements (height, number and weight of tubers, leaf health) with color and textural indices derived from RGB orthomosaics. Yield prediction was modeled using Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting (GB); varietal identification was approached with (i) a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that classifies RGB images and (ii) classical models such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machines (SVMs), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs), Decision Trees and Logistic Regression trained on EfficientNetB0 embeddings. The results showed significant genotypic differences in yield (p < 0.001): Tahuaqueña 13.86 ± 0.27 t ha⁻¹ and Bicentenario 6.65 ± 0.27 t ha⁻¹. The number of tubers (r = 0.52) and plant height (r = 0.23) correlated with yield; RGB indices showed low correlations (r < 0.3) and high redundancy (r > 0.9). RF achieved a better fit (Coefficient of determination, R² = 0.54; Root Mean Square Error, RMSE = 2.72 t ha⁻¹), excelling in stolon development (R² = 0.66) and losing precision in maturation due to foliar senescence. In classification, the CNN and RF on embeddings achieved F1-macro ≈ 0.69 and 0.66 (Receiver Operating Characteristic—Area Under the Curve, ROC AUC RF = 0.89), with better identification of Bicentenario and Shulay. We conclude that UAV-RGB is a cost-effective alternative for phenotypic monitoring and varietal selection in high Andean contexts. These findings support the integration of UAV-RGB imagery into breeding and monitoring pipelines in resource-limited Andean systems.
Sustainability of coffee farms: Case study of the cooperativa agraria cafetalera La Prosperidad de Chirinos
(Universe Scientific Publishing, 2025-12-29) Fernández Zarate, Franklin Hitler; Goñas Goñas, Malluri; Oblitas Juarez, Jhon; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Gomez Fernandez, Darwin; García Chimbo, Nilter; Montalvan, Michael; Quiñonez Huatangari, Lenin; Acosta Jacinto, Rubén Eusebio; Ríos Julcapoma, Milton; Guardia, Guillermo; Sanz Cobeña, Alberto
Ignorance of the sustainability of coffee systems compromises the continuity of productive activities by weakening their economic viability, environmental integrity and social cohesion over time, which is why it is essential to carry out diagnoses. This study aimed to assess the sustainability level of coffee farms associated with the Cooperativa Agraria Cafetalera La Prosperidad de Chirinos. From January to March 2024, data were collected from 60 farms out of a population of 788. The analysis was based on nine criteria: six environmental (soil quality, crop health, solid waste and effluent management, integrated pest and disease management, ecological knowledge, and agricultural system), two economic (agricultural economy and food sovereignty), and one social (social aspects). To identify groups of farmers with homogeneous characteristics, a cluster analysis was performed and the level of sustainability of each group was determined by calculating overall averages, represented through Amoeba charts. Results identified two farm types farms in group 1 showed less sustainability than group 2, mainly due to unfavorable conditions related to soil quality. Consequently, it is recommended to implement cover crops, live barriers, infiltration ditches, contour planting, and productive diversification for food security are recommended. This study provides a scientific diagnosis of sustainability levels on coffee farms and offers practical options for improving sustainability.
Influence of cadmium and arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and chlorophyll content in Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum Plants
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2026-01-20) Vallejos Torres, Geomar; García Vallejos, Noellia; Gaona Jimenez, Nery; Lozano, Andi; Lozano Carranza, Carlos M.; Alva Arévalo, Alberto; Puicón Niño de Guzmán, Víctor Humberto; Saavedra Ramírez, Jorge; Tuesta Hidalgo, Juan C.; Tuesta Hidalgo, Oscar A.; Valdez Andía, Manuel Jesús; Ordoñez Ruiz, Karina M.; Baselly Villanueva, Juan Rodrigo
Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has important benefits, not only for plant growth but also for reducing Cd absorption in Theobroma plants. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cadmium (Cd) and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) on growth and chlorophyll content (CC) in Theobroma plants. This experiment had a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design with species of Theobroma cacao and Theobroma grandiflorum, AMF inoculation (mycorrhizal control and AMF inoculation), and Cd addition (0, 1, and 3 mg kg⁻¹), arranged in a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The AMF inoculum consisted of applying 1500 units to each seedling. The results showed that the Cd content decreased in the stems with AMF treatment for T. cacao as well as in the soil, showing significant differences in both variables. However, a reduction of Cd could also be observed in T. grandiflorum stems without significant differences with Cd in the soil. The height, diameter, root biomass, and leaf area (LA) of the Theobroma plants increased in most of the treatments studied in comparison with treatments that received Cd, as did CC. The AMFs inoculated into Theobroma plants induced higher CC in leaves. Likewise, T. cacao presented a higher value in morphology and a lower Cd concentration in soil and shoots.
The Genetic Characterization of Grapevine Genetic Resources in Peru Identifies Novel Criolla Varietal Genotypes
(John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2025-09-19) Almanza Cano, Aybel; Ignacio Cárdenas, Severo; Pisconte Vilca, Juan Alberto; Campos Felix, Ulda; Santolalla Ruiz, Salomón Harry; Aybar Peve, Leandro Joel; Ibánez , Javier; Zolla, Gastón; Tello, Javier
Today's wine and Pisco grape production in Peru is largely dominated by a reduced number of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties. However, Peru is home to a high number of lesser-known local varieties that are still present in traditional vineyards and/or preserved in national or regional grapevine collections, of interest to diversify the local industry. Here, we analyzed 121 grapevine accessions preserved in the ampelographic collection of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA-EEA) at Chincha (Ica, Peru), using a combined SNP and SSR genetic profiling strategy for their molecular characterization and identification. This approach led to the differentiation of 45 different grapevine genetic profiles, 40 of them corresponding to already catalogued table and wine grape varieties of diverse geographic origin. Interestingly, we found five grapevines with genetic profiles not registered before. Some of them were found to be descendants of Listán Prieto and/or Muscat of Alexandria, increasing the known role of these two varieties as founders of the Criolla varieties, the autochthonous South American grapevine germplasm. A predominance of the varieties Listán Prieto and Quebranta was also observed, as they were found to be preserved multiple times in the INIA-EEA Grapevine Collection under different local synonyms. Strikingly, the phenotypic description of different accessions matching the genotypes of these two relevant varieties showed a high degree of phenotypic diversity, including the identification of novel berry-color and Muscat-flavored somatic variants that might have a direct impact toward local grape industry diversification. These findings underline the importance of the local genetic resources preserved at the INIA-EEA Grapevine Collection for grapevine improvement. Registering the newly identified varieties and somatic variants with novel traits of interest would represent a crucial first step toward making this plant material available to local grape growers, ultimately promoting the diversification of the Peruvian grape, wine, and Pisco industries.
Monitoring ryegrass-clover grasslands with multi-spectral UAV imagery will improve the sustainability of small-and medium-sized livestock farmers in the northern Peruvian highlands
(Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, 2026-02-04) Vallejos Fernández, Luis; Alvarez García, Wuesley Yusmein; Abanto urbina, Maycol; Gutiérrez Arce, Felipe; Tapia Acosta, Eduardo; Pizarro, Samuel; Ciprian, Cesar; Naupari, Javier
The underutilization of remote sensing technology has compromised sustainable forage resource management, impeding the progress of livestock farmers in the northern Peruvian highlands. To accurately predict forage biomass in six high-altitude (2600-2800 m) ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) -clover (Trifolium repens) paddocks, we applied machine learning models implemented in Google Earth Engine using spectral indices derived from UAV-based multispectral imagery captured by a Micasense RedEdge MX camera mounted on a DJI Matrice 600. A total of 75 forage samples were collected from precisely geo-referenced plots to train and validate machine learning models based on 13 spectral indices. The Random Forest (RF) model, comprising 500 trees for green forage and dry matter, demonstrated high accuracy and efficiency. UAV-based biomass prediction using GEE and ML techniques was validated, achieving R² values of 0.671 and 0.747 and low errors. By integrating UAVs, sensors, and cloud-based ML, we can decision-support potential in the inter-Andean valley. This innovative approach reduces costs, ensures high-resolution snapshot biomass assessment, and empowers producers to make data-driven decisions.
Occurrence, sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rice field soils of northwestern Peru
(Elsevier B.V., 2026-02-04) Culqui Gaslac, Cristian; Tineo Flores, Daniel; Fernandez Jibaja, Jorge Antonio; Alvarez Robledo, Yeltsin Abel; Garcia Frias, Larry Dustin; Mendoza Merino, Jani Elisabet; Taboada Mitma, Víctor Hugo; Cruz Luis, Juancarlos Alejandro; Rojas Briceño, Nilton B.; García, Ligia; Zirena Vilca, Franz; Goñas Goñas, Malluri
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic contaminants that pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems. This study investigated the occurrence, sources, and ecological risks of PAHs in rice paddy soils from northwestern Peru. Ninety-seven soil samples were collected at a depth of 30 cm across three altitudinal zones, four phenological stages, and two agronomic management practices. Quantification was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FLD). Source apportionment was conducted through rotated principal component analysis combined with multiple linear regression. Ecological risk was assessed using organic carbon normalization and the mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q) method, while carcinogenic potential was estimated using the toxic equivalent factor (TEQCARC). Total PAHs ranged from 22.02 to 130.55 ng g⁻¹ (mean: 55.26 ng g⁻¹); LMW PAHs averaged 37.38 ng g⁻¹, exceeding HMW PAHs (17.88 ng g⁻¹). No significant differences were observed among altitudinal zones, phenological stages or agronomic practices (p > 0.05). The predominant sources of PAHs were attributed to vehicular emissions (52.3%), petroleum and biomass combustion (42.1%), and coal combustion (5.4%). Ecological risk assessment revealed low contamination levels below established safety thresholds (CEC <290 μg g⁻¹), consistent with the carcinogenic risk estimated through TEQCARC (0.0083 to 18.7483 ng BaPeq g⁻¹). This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of PAHs contamination in rice paddy soils in Peru and underscores the influence of altitude and agricultural practices, emphasizing the need for further research on pollution sources, impacts on crop productivity, and potential risks to human health.
Soil quality in olive orchards of southern Peru using a weighted soil quality index (SQIw): constraints by salinity, organic matter and sustainable management approach
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2026-02-09) Poma Chamana, Russell Hilario; Vilca Gamarra, César; Linares Escapa, Solmayra; Puma Huacani, Katherine; Carrillo, Alex; Villalta Soto, Martín J.C.; Quispe Matos, Kenyi Rolando
Introduction: Soil salinization and alkalinization in the arid zones of southern Peru pose major challenges to agricultural sustainability, particularly in the olive orchards of Bella Unión, where irrigation relies on surface and groundwater of variable quality. This study aimed to assess soil quality and its spatial variability to support site-specific management in olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards. Methods: A total of 160 composite soil samples (0–30 cm) were collected from representative olive orchards and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), organic matter (OM), available phosphorus (Pav), available potassium (Kav), texture, and calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE). The Soil Quality Index (SQIw) was calculated and combined with multivariate and geostatistical analyses to identify key soil quality indicators and characterize their spatial variability. Results: Soils showed high variability in salinity (ECe = 1.30–24.61 dS m⁻¹) and organic matter content (0.50–3.10%), while pH was relatively homogeneous (6.90–8.40). According to the SQIw, 1.26% of soils were classified as Very Poor, 44.96% as Poor, 51.49% as Acceptable, 2.28% as Good, and 0.01% as Optimal. Electrical conductivity was the main factor controlling the SQIw. Discussion: These results indicate that salinity represents a major constraint for olive growth and productivity in the study area. Despite its lower weight in the SQIw, the generally low organic matter levels suggest limitations for soil fertility, water retention, and nutrient cycling, highlighting the need for organic amendments with low electrical conductivity. Nutrient management should also account for reduced nutrient availability under alkaline–saline conditions and the widespread organic matter deficiency. This study represents the first application of SQIw in Peruvian olive orchards and demonstrates its usefulness for delineating low-quality zones, guiding fertilization and soil recovery strategies, and promoting sustainable soil management in arid agroecosystems.
Comparative Analysis of Morphology, Resource Allocation, and Nutritional Characteristics in Populations of Festuca dolichophylla Cultivated in the Andean Region of Peru
(MDPI, 2026-02-03) Paucar, Ysai; Paucar, Samuel Porfirio; Mejía, Flor Lidomira; Vásquez, Héctor Vladimir; Zagaceta, Luis Homero; Saucedo Uriarte, José Américo; Yoplac, Ives; Flores, Enrique Ricardo; Contreras, José Luis; Argote Quispe, Gregorio Fructuoso; Yalli Huamaní, Teodoro Bill; Aguirre, Lucrecia
Grasslands are ecosystems of global importance; in Peru, they represent more than half of the country's territory. However, few studies have been conducted on high Andean grasslands. The objective was to study morphological, productive, resource allocation, and nutritional characteristics in five populations of Festuca dolichophylla grown under similar conditions. Populations that originated from Huancavelica Community and University, Junín, Pasco, and Puno were grown in Huancavelica Community in a randomized block design. After twelve months, a uniformization cut was performed, and five months later they were evaluated. Morphological characteristics, productivity, and resource allocation were analyzed with ANCOVA, the nutritional characteristics were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (considering population as a factor). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for morphological characteristics such as height, number and length of stems, and number of inflorescences. The resource allocation was 13.8% root, 18.4% crown, 29.2% culms + sheaths, 34.8% blades, and 3.8% inflorescence, with no differences between populations (p > 0.05). The Puno population stood out for its greater biomass, linked to more stems and inflorescences. Nutritional characteristics varied among populations in terms of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and in vitro dry matter digestibility. These findings are useful for selecting populations in revegetation or genetic breeding programs.
Agro-Environmental Vulnerability and Ecosystem Sustainability in Peruvian Family Farming: Integrating Survey Data, Spatial Modeling and Remote Sensing
(MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute), 2026-01-30) Pizarro, Samuel; Ccopi Trucios, Dennis; Otoya Barrenechea, José; Romero Vasquez, Juan; Tolentino Soriano, María; Cotrina Sanchez, Alexander; Barboza, Elgar
Subsistence family farming in Peru is increasingly constrained by ecosystem degradation, climate variability, and limited access to productive services, particularly where environmental exposure is high. This study develops an Agro-productive and Territorial Vulnerability Index (IVAPT) to evaluate environmental, ecosystem, and socioeconomic vulnerability of subsistence agriculture at the district level nationwide. The index integrates district-level agricultural survey data (ENA-2024) with multi-temporal MODIS NDVI series (2000–2024) and comprehensive climatic, topographic, land-cover, and accessibility indicators, processed through multivariate statistics. Three objective weighting schemes (ENTROPY, CRITIC, PCA) construct thematic sub-indices of Environmental Exposure (EnvExp), Ecosystem Condition (EcoCond), and Socioeconomic Capacity (SocioCap). Results show more than half of Peru's 1552 districts fall within moderate to very high vulnerability, with highest concentration in the Amazon region (Loreto, Ucayali, Madre de Dios), Andean-Amazonian transitions, and highland districts (Huancavelica, Apurímac, Ayacucho, Puno) where biophysical constraints, ecosystem pressure, and socioeconomic isolation converge. Dimensional spatial complementarity EnvExp peaking on coast, EcoCond in Amazon, SocioCap in Andes demonstrates effective vulnerability reduction requires dimension-specific interventions. Despite divergent weighting schemes, spatial patterns remained consistent, validating identified hotspots. IVAPT provides a reproducible framework supporting evidence-based territorial planning and targeted investments in water infrastructure, ecosystem restoration, and climate adaptation.

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